1、简述rpm与yum命令的常见选项，并举例
rpm命令
安装：
rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
常用选项：
rpm -ivh PACKAGE1 [PACKAGE2]...
-i，--install：安装
-v：显示详细过程
-h：显示进度条（用50个hash标识，每个表示2%）
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -ivh zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm
warning: zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos ################################# [100%]
更新：
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
两者区别：-U安装并更新，-F仅更新；即若包未安装，则-F无法进行更新；
常用选项：
rpm -Uvh PACKAGE1 [PACKAGE2]...
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [ 50%]
Cleaning up / removing...
2:zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos ################################# [100%]
卸载：
rpm {-e|--erase} [--allmatches] [--justdb] [--nodeps] [--noscripts]
[--notriggers] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...
常用选项：
rpm -evh PACKAGE1 [PACKAGE2]...
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -evh zsh wget
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Cleaning up / removing...
1:wget-1.14-15.el7 ################################# [ 50%]
2:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
查询：
rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]
其中[select-options]可以指定的有：
[PACKAGE_NAME]：具体某个包
-a，--all：所有包
-f，--file：包相关文件
-p，--package PACKAGE_FILE：未安装的包的相关查询
--whatprovides CAPABILITY：提供哪些特性
--whatrequires CAPABILITY：依赖哪些特性
其中[query-options]可以指定的有：
--changelog：更新日志
-c，--configfiles：配置文件
-d，--docfiles：相关文档
-i，--info：相关信息
-l，--list：列出包提供的所有文件
示例：
1、查询当前系统已安装的包：
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -qa
tuned-2.8.0-5.el7.noarch
setup-2.8.71-7.el7.noarch
qemu-guest-agent-2.8.0-2.el7.x86_64
bind-license-9.9.4-50.el7.noarch
biosdevname-0.7.2-2.el7.x86_64
glibc-common-2.17-196.el7.x86_64
man-db-2.6.3-9.el7.x86_64
...
2、查询已安装的rpm包提供了哪些配置文件：
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -qc zsh
/etc/skel/.zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zshrc
3、查询某个未安装的rpm包的相关信息
[root@lnmp ~]# rpm -qpi zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
Name : zsh
Version : 5.0.2
Release : 28.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group : System Environment/Shells
Size : 5855982
License : MIT
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 10 Aug 2017 04:28:17 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Wed 02 Aug 2017 06:52:37 AM EDT
Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Summary : Powerful interactive shell
Description :
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.
yum命令
yum与rpm关系：yum是rpm的包管理前端工具，yum并不是独立存在的，而是在rpm管理的基础上更为优化管理。
显示仓库列表：
repolist [ all | enabled | disabled ]
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
development local 3,894
repolist: 3,894
显示软件包：
list
# yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]
# yum list {available|updates|installed} [glob_exp1] [...]
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# yum list http*
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos @development
httpd-tools.x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos @development
Available Packages
http-parser.x86_64 2.7.1-1.el7 development
httpcomponents-client.noarch 4.2.5-5.el7_0 development
httpcomponents-core.noarch 4.2.4-6.el7 development
httpd-devel.x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos development
httpd-manual.noarch 2.4.6-67.el7.centos development
安装程序包：
install package1 [package2] [...]
reinstall package1 [package2] [...] （重新安装）
示例：
[root@lnmp ~]# yum install -y httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
======================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
======================================================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos development 2.7 M
Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 2.7 M
Installed size: 9.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos
Complete!
升级程序包：
update package1 [package2] [...]
downgrade package1 [package2] [...] （降级）
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum update zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.11-8.el6.centos will be updated
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-14.el7 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
======================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
======================================================================================================
Updating:
zsh x86_64 5.0.2-14.el7 development 2.4 M
Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================
Upgrade 1 Package
Total download size: 2.4 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Updating : zsh-5.0.2-14.el7.x86_64 1/2
Cleanup : zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-14.el7.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64 2/2
Updated:
zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-14.el7
Complete!
检查可用升级：
check-update
卸载程序包：
remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum remove -y zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-14.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
======================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
======================================================================================================
Removing:
zsh x86_64 5.0.2-14.el7 @development 5.6 M
Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Installed size: 5.6 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Erasing : zsh-5.0.2-14.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-14.el7.x86_64 1/1
Removed:
zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-14.el7
Complete!
查看程序包information：
info package1 [package2] [...]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum info httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name : httpd
Arch : x86_64
Version : 2.4.6
Release : 40.el7.centos
Size : 9.4 M
Repo : installed
From repo : development
Summary : Apache HTTP Server
URL : http://httpd.apache.org/
License : ASL 2.0
Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible
: web server.
查看指定的特性（可以是某文件）是由哪个程序包提供的：
provides | whatprovides features1 [features2] [...]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
1:mariadb-5.5.44-2.el7.centos.x86_64 : A community developed branch of MySQL
Repo : development
Matched from:
Provides : mysql = 1:5.5.44-2.el7.centos
清理本地缓存：
clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: development docker-ce-stable
Cleaning up everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
构建缓存：
makecache
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
development | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
docker-ce-stable | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
(1/7): development/group_gz | 155 kB 00:00:00
(2/7): development/filelists_db | 2.9 MB 00:00:00
(3/7): development/primary_db | 2.8 MB 00:00:00
(4/7): development/other_db | 1.2 MB 00:00:00
(5/7): docker-ce-stable/x86_64/primary_db | 16 kB 00:00:00
(6/7): docker-ce-stable/x86_64/other_db | 70 kB 00:00:00
(7/7): docker-ce-stable/x86_64/filelists_db | 9.1 kB 00:00:00
Determining fastest mirrors
Metadata Cache Created
搜索：
search string1 [string2] [...]
以指定关键字搜索程序包名及summary信息
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum search nginx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
========================================= N/S matched: nginx =========================================
collectd-nginx.x86_64 : Nginx plugin for collectd
munin-nginx.noarch : NGINX support for Munin resource monitoring
nextcloud-nginx.noarch : Nginx integration for NextCloud
nginx-all-modules.noarch : A meta package that installs all available Nginx modules
nginx-filesystem.noarch : The basic directory layout for the Nginx server
nginx-mod-http-geoip.x86_64 : Nginx HTTP geoip module
nginx-mod-http-image-filter.x86_64 : Nginx HTTP image filter module
nginx-mod-http-perl.x86_64 : Nginx HTTP perl module
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter.x86_64 : Nginx XSLT module
nginx-mod-mail.x86_64 : Nginx mail modules
nginx-mod-stream.x86_64 : Nginx stream modules
owncloud-nginx.noarch : Nginx integration for ownCloud
pcp-pmda-nginx.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for the Nginx Webserver
python2-certbot-nginx.noarch : The nginx plugin for certbot
nginx.x86_64 : A high performance web server and reverse proxy server
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
查看指定包所依赖的capabilities
deplist package1 [package2] [...]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum deplist bc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
package: bc.x86_64 1.06.95-13.el7
dependency: /bin/sh
provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-19.el7
dependency: /sbin/install-info
provider: info.x86_64 5.1-4.el7
dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7
dependency: libncurses.so.5()(64bit)
provider: ncurses-libs.x86_64 5.9-13.20130511.el7
dependency: libreadline.so.6()(64bit)
provider: readline.x86_64 6.2-9.el7
dependency: libtinfo.so.5()(64bit)
provider: ncurses-libs.x86_64 5.9-13.20130511.el7
dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7
查看yum事务历史：
history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|roll‐back|new|sync|stats]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 | root <root> | 2018-09-19 09:28 | Erase | 1
8 | root <root> | 2018-09-19 09:26 | Update | 1 <
7 | root <root> | 2018-09-18 08:40 | Install | 93 >
6 | root <root> | 2018-09-16 09:30 | Install | 1
5 | root <root> | 2018-09-16 08:35 | Install | 1
4 | root <root> | 2018-08-27 21:28 | Install | 2 <
3 | root <root> | 2018-08-27 21:27 | Install | 7 ><
2 | root <root> | 2018-08-26 21:49 | Install | 5 ><
1 | System <unset> | 2018-04-24 05:37 | Install | 297 >
history list
安装及升级本地rpm包：
localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
示例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum update zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Examining zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm: zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64
Marking zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm as an update to zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.11-8.el6.centos will be updated
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
======================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
======================================================================================================
Updating:
zsh x86_64 5.0.2-28.el7 /zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 5.6 M
Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================
Upgrade 1 Package
Total size: 5.6 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Updating : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/2
Cleanup : zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : zsh-4.3.11-8.el6.centos.x86_64 2/2
Updated:
zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7
2、自建yum仓库，分别为网络源和本地源
示例：
本地源：本地光驱挂载的ISO镜像文件
网络源：阿里云的epel源：https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o loop -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/iso
[root@localhost ~]# cat << EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/DIY.repo
> [local]
> name=local iso repo
> baseurl=file:///mnt/iso
> enabled=1
> gpgcheck=0
> [epel]
> name=epel repo from internet
> baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/
> enabled=1
> gpgcheck=1
> gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7Server
> EOF
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
epel | 3.2 kB 00:00:00
local | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
(1/2): local/group_gz | 155 kB 00:00:00
(2/2): local/primary_db | 2.8 MB 00:00:00
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
epel epel repo from internet 12,685
local local iso repo 3,723
repolist: 16,408
3、简述at和crontab命令，制定 每周三凌晨三、五点10分执行某个脚本，输出当前时间，时间格式为 2017-12-28 10:00:00
at命令
at命令用于未来某时间点执行一次性任务，执行的结果以邮件的形式发送给提交任务的用户
用法：
at [OPTION]... TIME
常用的[OPTION]：
-l：查看作业队列，相当于atq命令
-f /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE：从指定文件中读取作业任务，而不用再交互式输入；
-d：删除指定的作业，相当于atrm；
-c：查看指定作业的具体内容；
-q QUEUE：指明队列；
TIME的格式：
HH:MM [YYYY-mm-dd]
noon，midnight，teatime
tomorrow
now+#——（#：minutes，hours，days，OR weeks）
crontab命令
crontab命令用于周期性执行计划任务
crontab命令：
crontab [-u user] [-l | -r | -e] [-i] [-s]
-e：编辑任务；
-l：列出所有任务；
-r：移除所有任务；即删除/var/spool/cron/USERNAME文件；
-i：在使用-r选项移除所有任务时提示用户确认；
-u user：root用户可为指定用户管理cron任务；
系统cron的配置格式：
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
注意：
1、每一行定义一个周期性任务，共7个字段（普通用于6个）；
* * * * *：定义周期性时间
user-name：运行任务的用户身份（普通用户无此项）
command to be executed：任务
2、此处的环境变量不同于用户登陆后获得的环境，因此建议命令使用绝对路径，或者自定义PATH环境变量；
3、执行结果邮件发送给MAILTO指定的用户
通常建议直接使用crontab -e进行编辑，不建议直接编辑配置文件；
练习：
每周三凌晨三、五点10分执行某个脚本，输出当前时间，时间格式为 2017-12-28 10:00:00
[root@localhost ~]# crontab -e
no crontab for root - using an empty one
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@localhost ~]# crontab -l
10 3,5 * * 3 root /usr/bin/date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
4、简述sed常用操作命令，并举例
sed命令
sed：Steam EDitor，流编辑器，主要针对行
用法：
sed [OPTION]... 'script' [input-file]...
解析：
sed命令使用的主要构成：sed [选项] '[地址定界][编辑命令]' [参数]
例：
sed -e '/^UUID/d' -e '1d' /etc/fstab
上述命令中：
-e为选项，用于多条件编辑；
'/^UUID/d'和'1d'中，/^UUID/和1为地址定界，意思分别为非UUID开头的行和第一行；而d为编辑命令，意为删除；
故以上命令的意思是：将/etc/fstab文件中非UUID开头的行或第一行删除后，输出至标准输出。
常用选项：
-n：不输出模式空间中的内容至屏幕；
-e script，--expression=script：多点编辑；(类似grep -e ... -e ...)
-f /PATH/TO/SED_SCRIPT_FILE
每行一个编辑命令
-r, --regexp-extended：支持使用扩展正则表达式；
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]：直接编辑原文件；
地址定界：
1、空地址：对全文进行处理；
2、单地址：
#：指定行；
/pattern/：被此模式所匹配到的每一行；
3、地址范围：
#,#:
#,+#:
#,/pat1/
/pat1/,/pat2/
$：最后一行
4、步进：~
1~2：所有奇数行
2~2：所有偶数行
编辑命令：
d:删除
例：sed '1,5d' /etc/fstab
sed '/^UUID/d' /etc/fstab
p:显示模式空间中的内容
例：sed '1~2p' /etc/fstab(奇数行会显示两遍，因默认会显示模式空间中的内容，被匹配的行又会显示一次)
sed -n '1~2p' /etc/fstab（显示奇数行）
a \text：在行后面追加文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行追加；
i \text：在行前面插入文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行插入；
c \text：把匹配到的行替换为此处指定的文本“text”；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：保存模式空间匹配到的行至指定的文件中；
r /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE：读取指定文件中的内容至当前文件被模式匹配到的行后面；（常用于实现文件合并）
=：为模式匹配到的行打印行号；
!：条件取反；使用位置如下：
地址定界!编辑命令；
s///：查找替换，其分隔符可自行指定，常用的有s@@@，s###等；
替换标记：
g：全局替换；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：将替换成功的结果保存至指定文件中；
p：显示替换成功的行；
常用示例：
1、sed -r 's@^[[:space:]]+@@' /etc/fstab
-r：使用扩展正则表达式
s@^[[:space:]]+@@：s@...@@部分为查找...替换为空（即删除），^[[:space:]]+表示查找的内容为以空白字符开头的行
即，以上命令表示：删除/etc/fstab中以空白字符开头的行的行首空白字符
[root@localhost ~]# sed -r 's@^[[:space:]]+@@' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 24 05:37:33 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=d9a55bc5-6b72-4ddd-bb69-e00fc1eb909d /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sr0 /mnt/iso iso9660 defaults,loop 0 0
2、sed 's/^#[[:space:]]*//' /etc/fstab
删除/etc/fstab/文件中所有以#开头的行的行首的#号及#后面的所有空白字符
[root@localhost ~]# sed 's/^#[[:space:]]*//' /etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 24 05:37:33 2018
Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=d9a55bc5-6b72-4ddd-bb69-e00fc1eb909d /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sr0 /mnt/iso iso9660 defaults,loop 0 0
3、输出一个绝对路径给sed命令，取出其目录，其行为类似于dirname
两种方式：
echo "/var/log/messages/" | sed 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
echo "/var/log/messages" | sed -r 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/var/log/messages/" | sed 's@[^/]\+/\?$@@'
/var/log/
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/var/log/messages" | sed -r 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
/var/log/
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