Gitの分支删除/多人协作/REBASE day06

作者: b1fd9c17864f | 来源:发表于2019-08-04 22:42 被阅读1次

    2019/08/04

    Feature分支

    • 开发一个新feature,最好新建一个分支;
    $ git checkout -b feature-vulcan
    Switched to a new branch 'feature-vulcan'
    
    • 如果要丢弃一个没有被合并过的分支,可以通过git branch -D <name>强行删除。

    多人协作

    当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的master分支和远程的master分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是origin

    要查看远程库的信息,用git remote

    $ git remote
    origin
    

    或者,用git remote -v显示更详细的信息:

    $ git remote -v
    origin  git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch)
    origin  git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (push)
    

    上面显示了可以抓取和推送的origin的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。

    推送分支

    推送分支,就是把该分支上的所有本地提交推送到远程库。推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上:

    $ git push origin master
    

    如果要推送其他分支,比如dev,就改成:

    $ git push origin dev
    

    但是,并不是一定要把本地分支往远程推送,那么,哪些分支需要推送,哪些不需要呢?

    • master分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步;

    • dev分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步;

    • bug分支只用于在本地修复bug,就没必要推到远程了,除非老板要看看你每周到底修复了几个bug;

    • feature分支是否推到远程,取决于你是否和你的小伙伴合作在上面开发。

    总之,就是在Git中,分支完全可以在本地自己藏着玩,是否推送,视你的心情而定!


    抓取分支

    多人协作时,大家都会往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。

    现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆:

    $ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
    Cloning into 'learngit'...
    remote: Counting objects: 40, done.
    remote: Compressing objects: 100% (21/21), done.
    remote: Total 40 (delta 14), reused 40 (delta 14), pack-reused 0
    Receiving objects: 100% (40/40), done.
    Resolving deltas: 100% (14/14), done.
    

    当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时,默认情况下,你的小伙伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信可以用git branch命令看看:

    $ git branch
    * master
    

    现在,你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发,就必须创建远程origin的dev分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支:

    $ git checkout -b dev origin/dev
    

    现在,他就可以在dev上继续修改,然后,时不时地把dev分支push到远程:

    $ git add env.txt
    
    $ git commit -m "add env"
    [dev 7a5e5dd] add env
     1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
     create mode 100644 env.txt
    
    $ git push origin dev
    Counting objects: 3, done.
    Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
    Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
    Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 308 bytes | 308.00 KiB/s, done.
    Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
    To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
       f52c633..7a5e5dd  dev -> dev
    

    你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送:

    $ cat env.txt
    env
    
    $ git add env.txt
    
    $ git commit -m "add new env"
    [dev 7bd91f1] add new env
     1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
     create mode 100644 env.txt
    
    $ git push origin dev
    To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
     ! [rejected]        dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
    error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'
    hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
    hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
    hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
    hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
    

    推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:

    $ git pull
    There is no tracking information for the current branch.
    Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
    See git-pull(1) for details.
    
        git pull <remote> <branch>
    
    If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:
    
        git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> dev
    

    git pull也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev分支的链接,根据提示,设置devorigin/dev的链接:

    $ git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/dev dev
    Branch 'dev' set up to track remote branch 'dev' from 'origin'.
    

    pull

    $ git pull
    Auto-merging env.txt
    CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in env.txt
    Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
    

    这回git pull成功,但是合并有冲突,需要手动解决,解决的方法和分支管理中的解决冲突完全一样。解决后,提交,再push

    $ git commit -m "fix env conflict"
    [dev 57c53ab] fix env conflict
    
    $ git push origin dev
    Counting objects: 6, done.
    Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
    Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
    Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 621 bytes | 621.00 KiB/s, done.
    Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
    To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
       7a5e5dd..57c53ab  dev -> dev
    

    因此,多人协作的工作模式通常是这样:

    • 首先,可以试图用git push origin <branch-name>推送自己的修改;

    • 如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用git pull试图合并;

    • 如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交;

    • 没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用git push origin <branch-name>推送就能成功!

    • 如果git pull提示no tracking information,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令git branch --set-upstream-to origin/<branch-name> <branch-name>

    这就是多人协作的工作模式,一旦熟悉了,就非常简单。

    小结

    • 查看远程库信息,使用git remote -v

    • 本地新建的分支如果不推送到远程,对其他人就是不可见的;

    • 从本地推送分支,使用git push origin branch-name,如果推送失败,先用git pull抓取远程的新提交;

    • 在本地创建和远程分支对应的分支,使用git checkout -b branch-name origin/branch-name,本地和远程分支的名称最好一致;

    • 建立本地分支和远程分支的关联,使用git branch --set-upstream origin/branch-name branch-name

    • 从远程抓取分支,使用git pull,如果有冲突,要先处理冲突。


    rebase

    Git有一种称为rebase的操作,有人把它翻译成“变基”。
    从实际问题出发,看看怎么把分叉的提交变成直线。

    在和远程分支同步后,我们对hello.py这个文件做了两次提交。用git log命令看看:

    $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
    * 582d922 (HEAD -> master) add author
    * 8875536 add comment
    * d1be385 (origin/master) init hello
    *   e5e69f1 Merge branch 'dev'
    |\  
    | *   57c53ab (origin/dev, dev) fix env conflict
    | |\  
    | | * 7a5e5dd add env
    | * | 7bd91f1 add new env
    ...
    

    注意到Git用(HEAD -> master)和(origin/master)标识出当前分支的HEAD和远程origin的位置分别是582d922 add authord1be385 init hello,本地分支比远程分支快两个提交。

    现在我们尝试推送本地分支:

    $ git push origin master
    To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
     ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
    error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'
    hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
    hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
    hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
    hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
    hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
    

    很不幸,失败了,这说明有人先于我们推送了远程分支。按照经验,先pull一下:

    $ git pull
    remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
    remote: Compressing objects: 100% (1/1), done.
    remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 3 (delta 1), pack-reused 0
    Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
    From github.com:michaelliao/learngit
       d1be385..f005ed4  master     -> origin/master
     * [new tag]         v1.0       -> v1.0
    Auto-merging hello.py
    Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
     hello.py | 1 +
     1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
    

    再用git status看看状态:

    $ git status
    On branch master
    Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
      (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
    
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    加上刚才合并的提交,现在我们本地分支比远程分支超前3个提交。

    git log看看:

    $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
    *   e0ea545 (HEAD -> master) Merge branch 'master' of github.com:michaelliao/learngit
    |\  
    | * f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1
    * | 582d922 add author
    * | 8875536 add comment
    |/  
    * d1be385 init hello
    ...
    

    对强迫症童鞋来说,现在事情有点不对头,提交历史分叉了。如果现在把本地分支push到远程,有没有问题?

    有!
    什么问题?
    不好看!
    有没有解决方法?
    有!

    这个时候,rebase就派上了用场。我们输入命令git rebase试试:

    $ git rebase
    First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
    Applying: add comment
    Using index info to reconstruct a base tree...
    M   hello.py
    Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge...
    Auto-merging hello.py
    Applying: add author
    Using index info to reconstruct a base tree...
    M   hello.py
    Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge...
    Auto-merging hello.py
    

    输出了一大堆操作,到底是啥效果?再用git log看看:

    $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
    * 7e61ed4 (HEAD -> master) add author
    * 3611cfe add comment
    * f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1
    * d1be385 init hello
    ...
    

    原本分叉的提交现在变成一条直线了!这种神奇的操作是怎么实现的?其实原理非常简单。我们注意观察,发现Git把我们本地的提交“挪动”了位置,放到了f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1之后,这样,整个提交历史就成了一条直线。rebase操作前后,最终的提交内容是一致的,但是,我们本地的commit修改内容已经变化了,它们的修改不再基于d1be385 init hello,而是基于f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1,但最后的提交7e61ed4内容是一致的。

    这就是rebase操作的特点:把分叉的提交历史“整理”成一条直线,看上去更直观。缺点是本地的分叉提交已经被修改过了。

    最后,通过push操作把本地分支推送到远程:

    Mac:~/learngit michael$ git push origin master
    Counting objects: 6, done.
    Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
    Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.
    Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 576 bytes | 576.00 KiB/s, done.
    Total 6 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
    remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 1 local object.
    To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
       f005ed4..7e61ed4  master -> master
    

    再用git log看看效果:

    $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
    * 7e61ed4 (HEAD -> master, origin/master) add author
    * 3611cfe add comment
    * f005ed4 set exit=1
    * d1be385 init hello
    ...
    

    远程分支的提交历史也是一条直线

    小结

    • rebase操作可以把本地未push的分叉提交历史整理成直线;
    • rebase的目的是使得我们在查看历史提交的变化时更容易,因为分叉的提交需要三方对比。

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