利用 Nmap 扫描并识别服务
- 配合使用特定脚本和利用特定漏洞：
- 可以用来识别活动主机
- 扫描 TCP 和 UDP 的开发端口
- 检测防火墙
- 获取运行在远程主机上的服务版本和事件
实施步骤
启动 Vulnerable_VM 靶机
在安装 Kali 系统的攻击机上
检测 Vulnerable_VM 是否活动，使用 nmap 扫描工具：
nmap -sn idea.lanyus.com
参数说明：
-sn | Ping Scan - 关闭端口扫描
root@kali:~# nmap -sn 192.168.150.143
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-07-17 23:50 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.150.143)
Host is up (0.00028s latency).
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:CA:00 (VMware)
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.09 seconds
检测 Vulnerable_VM 开放的端口
root@kali:~# nmap idea.lanyus.com
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-07-17 18:33 CST
Nmap scan report for idea.lanyus.com (120.52.29.220)
Host is up (0.0072s latency).
Not shown: 997 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
80/tcp open http
443/tcp open https
8080/tcp open http-proxy
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 49.01 seconds
下面的命令扫描靶机上的1000以内的端口
root@kali:~# nmap 192.168.150.143
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-07-17 23:53 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.150.143)
Host is up (0.00028s latency).
Not shown: 991 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
143/tcp open imap
443/tcp open https
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
5001/tcp open commplex-link
8080/tcp open http-proxy
8081/tcp open blackice-icecap
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:CA:00 (VMware)
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.20 seconds
扫描靶机运行的服务的版本号，并基于此判断靶机系统类型
nmap -sV -O idea.lanyus.com
参数说明：
-sV | Probe open ports to determine service/version info
root@kali:~# nmap -sV -O idea.lanyus.com
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-07-17 23:47 CST
Nmap scan report for idea.lanyus.com (120.52.29.220)
Host is up (0.035s latency).
Not shown: 997 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp open http cloudflare-nginx
443/tcp open ssl/https?
8080/tcp open http cloudflare-nginx
Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: WAP|general purpose
Running: Actiontec embedded, Linux 2.4.X|3.X, Microsoft Windows 7|2012
OS CPE: cpe:/h:actiontec:mi424wr-gen3i cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.4.37 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3.2 cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_7 cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2012
OS details: Actiontec MI424WR-GEN3I WAP, DD-WRT v24-sp2 (Linux 2.4.37), Linux 3.2, Microsoft Windows 7 or Windows Server 2012
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 72.32 seconds
下面的命令可以扫描出靶机运行服务的版本和操作系统版本
root@kali:~# nmap -sV -O 192.168.150.143
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-07-17 23:55 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.150.143)
Host is up (0.00067s latency).
Not shown: 991 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 5.3p1 Debian 3ubuntu4 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.2.14 ((Ubuntu) mod_mono/2.4.3 PHP/5.3.2-1ubuntu4.30 with Suhosin-Patch proxy_html/3.0.1 mod_python/3.3.1 Python/2.6.5 mod_ssl/2.2.14 OpenSSL...)
139/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
143/tcp open imap Courier Imapd (released 2008)
443/tcp open ssl/http Apache httpd 2.2.14 ((Ubuntu) mod_mono/2.4.3 PHP/5.3.2-1ubuntu4.30 with Suhosin-Patch proxy_html/3.0.1 mod_python/3.3.1 Python/2.6.5 mod_ssl/2.2.14 OpenSSL...)
445/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
5001/tcp open java-rmi Java RMI
8080/tcp open http Apache Tomcat/Coyote JSP engine 1.1
8081/tcp open http Jetty 6.1.25
1 service unrecognized despite returning data. If you know the service/version, please submit the following fingerprint at https://nmap.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi?new-service :
SF-Port5001-TCP:V=7.01%I=7%D=7/17%Time=578BAA72%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu%r(NU
SF:LL,4,"\xac\xed\0\x05");
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:CA:00 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.6.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6
OS details: Linux 2.6.17 - 2.6.36
Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 22.47 seconds
上面的扫描结果中，我们可以看出，靶机的操作系统是 Linux 2.6.X，使用了 Apache httpd 2.2.14 + PHP/5.3.2的 WEB 服务，以及其他一些信息。
拓展阅读
Nmap 是一个端口扫描器，它会发送一堆报文到靶机的一系列端口中，检查响应内容。如果有响应，则该端口有对应服务在运行。
在使用 Nmap 扫描过程中，还有其他很多有用的参数：
-sT | 该参数下，使用 SYN 扫描，这个参数下我们使用的是 Full Connect 扫描。这种模式，速度慢而且会在靶机中留下访问日志。
-Pn | 如过已经确认靶机为活动状态或无法Ping通靶机，我们使用该参数跳过 Ping 扫描，直接假定靶机活动，进行完整扫描。
-v | 这个参数会尽可能显示详细的扫描过程和靶机响应信息。
-p N1,N2,...Nn | 扫描指定端口，例如只扫描端口21，80到85，90，那么使用命令 nmap -p 21,80-85，90。
--script=script_name | Nmap 包含很多用于漏洞的检查、扫描、识别、登陆测试、命令执行、用户枚举等功能的脚本。使用这个参数可以在靶机的特定端口上执行脚本，详细用法参见：https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/
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