语言学

linguistics 语言学

  1linguistics is the scientific study of language.

  2 descriptive and prescriptive描述性和规定性

  If a linguistic study  dascribes or analyzes the language people actually uae, It  is said to be  descriptive. If it aims to lay down rules for correct behaviour to tell people what they should say  and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive

3 synchronic and diachronic同时性和历时性

  language exists in time and changes through  time. The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

4 Speech and writing are two major media of communication.Mordern linguistics regards the spoken language as the primary , not the writen.

5 langue refers to the abstract lingustics  system  shared by all the members of a speech community.

parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

6  design features

  arbitrariness 任意性  not entirely arbitrary

productivity  创造性

duality双重性

displacement 位移性

culture transmission文化传递性