Why Do Some Young People Become Jihadis? Psychiatry Offers Answers
As the dust settles on the traumatising attack in Manchester, we are left grieving and searching for an explanation for this senseless violence.
the dust settle on…
If you say that something will happen when the dust settles, you mean that a situation will be clearer after it has calmed down. If you let the dust settle before doing something, you let a situation calm down before you try to do anything else.[INFORMAL] 待形势明朗；待情况清楚
Once the dust had settled Beck defended his decision...
I think we need to let the dust settle and see what's going to happen after that.
senseless [sensləs]
[ADJ-GRADED] If you describe an action as senseless, you think it is wrong because it has no purpose and produces no benefit.
//...people whose lives have been destroyed by acts of senseless violence...
If your child is thirsty for learning, then it is senseless to hold her back.
Some will have you believe that Islam is at fault since verses of the Qur’an legitimise such violence, while their opponents point out that the ideology fuelling these acts of terror is at wisted perversion of the religion.
the Qur'an
The Qur'an, sometimes spelled Koran, (Arabic:القرآن) is the holy book of Islam. The Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be "The Word of Allah(God)". This book is different from other religious texts in that it is believed to be written directly by God, through the prophet Muhammad. Some Muslims call it the Final Testament.
It has been written and read only in Arabic formore than 1,400 years. But, because many Muslims around the world do not understand Arabic, the meaning of the Qur'an is also given in other languages, so that readers can understand better what the Arabic words in the Qur'an mean.These books are like dictionaries to the Qur'an - they are not read as part of the religion of Islam, to replace the Arabic Qur'an. Muslims believe that these translations are not the true Qur'an; only the Arabic copy is the true Qur’an. The Quran is used with the hadith to interpret sharia law.
legitimise
1. to make something that is unfair or morally wrong seem acceptable and right:
There is a danger that these films legitimize violence.
2. to make something official or legal:
Acceptance by the UN would effectively legitimize the regime.
3. when parents legitimize a child, they get married so that the child becomes legitimate.
fuel
/ˈfjuəl; ˈfjuːəl/ N
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy 燃料：
The plane was running low on fuel. 飞机燃料告急。
Coal is one of the cheapest fuels. 煤是最廉价的燃料之一。
the car’s fuel consumption (=how much fuel it uses to travel a particular distance)该车的油耗
an empty fuel tank 空油箱
add fuel to the fire/flames at 见 ADD (9)
fuel
V fuelled , fuelling BrE 【英】, fueled , fueling AmE 【美】
1 [T] to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger 使恶化；使更强烈：
His words fuelled her anger still more. 他的话火上浇油，使她更愤怒了。
fuel speculation/rumours/controversy etc
Progress was slow, fueling concerns that the stadium would not be finished on time. 进度很慢，加深了人们对体育馆能否按时完工的担忧。
2 also 又作 fuel up [I,T] if you fuel a vehicle or if it fuels up, fuel is put into it（给车辆）加油，加燃料：
We’d better fuel up at the next town. 我们最好在下个小镇加油。
The van was fuelled and waiting in the basement car park. 小货车加好了油，在地下停车场等着。
perversion
/pəˈvɜ:ʃn; NAmE pərˈvɜ:rʒn/ noun [U, C]
1.behaviour that most people think is not normal or acceptable, especially when it is connected with sex; an example of this type of behaviour 反常行为；（性）变态
sexual perversion 性变态
sadomasochistic perversions 施虐受虐的变态行为
2.the act of changing sth that is good or right into sth that is bad or wrong; the result of this 颠倒；歪曲；颠倒是非
the perversion of justice 对正义的歪曲
Her account was a perversion of the truth. 她的报告颠倒了是非。
Western foreign policy has often been cited as an important driver, but there are countless law-abiding British citizens of all faiths who disagree with recent foreign policy who do not feel compelled to wreak bloody havoc on account of it.
law-abiding
[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] A law-abiding person always obeys the law and is considered to be good and honest because of this.
The Prime Minister said: `I am anxious that the law should protect decent law-abiding citizens and their property'...
Gun ownership by law-abiding people was not a problem.
wreak [ri:k]
wreaks, wreaking, wreaked
(wrought can also be used as the past participle.)
1.[VERB] Something or someone that wreaks havoc or destruction causes a great amount of disorder or damage.[JOURNALISM or, LITERARY]
[V n] Violent storms wreaked havoc on the French Riviera, leaving three people dead and dozens injured...
[V n] The mountains are studded with dams, any one of which could wreak destruction in the valley below.
[V-ed]//...the devastation wrought by a decade of fighting.
2.[VERB] If you wreak revenge or vengeance on someone, you do something that will harm them very much to punish them for the harm they have done to you.[JOURNALISM or, LITERARY]
[V n] He threatened to wreak vengeance on the men who toppled him a year ago.
on account of
You use on account of to introduce the reason or explanation for something.
The President declined to deliver the speech himself, on account of a sore throat...
A newly-married couple, he thought, on account of their walking so close together.
One contributing factor might be a concept drawn from the world of cultural psychiatry: acculturation–the process of balancing two competing cultural influences.
psychiatry [saɪkɑɪətri, AM sɪ-]
[N-UNCOUNT] Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of mental illness. 精神病学，精神病治疗学；
acculturation
//[uncountable]acculturation (of somebody) (to something)(formal)
the process of learning to live successfully in a different culture; the process of helping somebody to do this 涵化(acculturation)指不同民族接触引起原有文化的变迁，涵化研究是研究不同民族的接触而产生的文化变迁过程及其结果的。
the acculturation of immigrants to American society.
There can be a number of possible outcomes to this process: deculturation, when a migrant loses all touch with their culture of origin; assimilation, when they retain some loose association with it but fully adopt the culture of the host nation; integration, when they retain strong ties with their culture of origin but are fully functioning members of society; and rejection, when they reject the host-nation culture completely in favour of their culture of origin.
边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. 人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。
同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. 人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。
融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
retain [rɪteɪn]
retains, retaining, retained
1.[VERB] To retain something means to continue to have that thing.[FORMAL]
[V n] The interior of the shop still retains a nineteenth-century atmosphere...
[V n] He retains a deep respect for the profession...
[V n] Other countries retained their traditional and habitual ways of doing things...
[V n] If left covered in a warm place, this rice will retain its heat for a good hour.
Syn:keep
2.[VERB] If you retain a lawyer, you pay him or her a fee to make sure that he or she will represent you when your case comes before the court.[LEGAL]
[V n] He decided to retain him for the trial.
This is akin to the pathway into gang culture for young people around the world–a sense of alienation from family and society at large delivers them into the hands of older gang leaders. The counterculture for young Muslim men at odds with society nowadays is not gang culture but radical extremist factions that offer self-esteem and identity in exchange for allegiance to a violent and morally bankrupt manifesto.
akin [əkɪn]
[ADJ-GRADED: v-link ADJ to n] If one thing is akin to another, it is similar to it in some way.[FORMAL]
Cooking is a physical activity, more akin to woodwork or gardening than to reading or listening to music.
at large
You use at large to indicate that you are talking in a general way about most of the people mentioned.
I think the chances of getting reforms accepted by the community at large remain extremely remote…
faction [fækʃ(ə)n]
factions
1.[N-COUNT]A faction is an organized group of people within a larger group, which opposes some of the ideas of the larger group and fights for its own ideas. （大团体中的）派系，派别，小集团
A peace agreement will be signed by the leaders of the country's warring factions.
2.[N-UNCOUNT]Faction is also used to describe argument and disagreement within a group of people.
Faction and self-interest appear to be the norm.
Amongst the population at large the support for the present regime is virtually zero.
allegiance [əli:ʤ(ə)ns]
allegiances
[N-VAR: oft N to n] Your allegiance is your support for and loyalty to a particular group, person, or belief. （对政党、宗教、统治者的）忠诚，效忠，拥戴
My allegiance to Kendall and his company ran deep.
//...a community driven by strong ties and allegiances.
morally bankrupt
having or acting as if having no morals 道德败坏的
Collective community action has been a prominent feature in anti-gang strategies around the world, and may prove effective in opposing this new type of thuggery, starting with closer ties and cooperation between Muslim and non-Muslim communities and a concerted effort to open a dialogue with at-risk individuals.
thuggery
/ˈθʌgərɪ; ˈθʌɡəri/ N[U]
violent behaviour in which people fight and attack others 暴行，罪恶行径；
the problem of football thuggery 足球暴力的问题
concerted [kənsɜ:(r)tɪd]
1.[ADJ-GRADED: ADJ n] A concerted action is done by several people or groups working together.努力的；共同筹划决定的；同心协力的
Martin Parry, author of the report, says it's time for concerted action by world leaders.
2.[ADJ-GRADED: ADJ n] If you make a concerted effort to do something, you try very hard to do it.
He made a concerted effort to win me away from my steady, sweet but boring boyfriend.
Socioeconomic factors have also been implicated in the process of radicalisation (poverty, lack of opportunity, unemployment, poor education), and although this is conceivable, the evidence is limited.
implicated [ɪmplɪkeɪtɪd]
[ADJ: v-link ADJ, usu ADJ in n] If someone or something is implicated in a crime or a bad situation, they are involved in it or responsible for it.
See also:implicate
Eventually the President was implicated in the cover-up and in 1974 was forced to resign to avoid impeachment...
It is thought that this virus is implicated in the development of a number of illnesses.
As well as drawing recruits into the fold, extremist hate-preachers and the slick Isis propaganda machine play a significant role in converting the radicalised into actual terrorists.
into the fold
When someone joins an organization or group, you can say that they have come into the fold. When they leave the organization or group, you can say that they leave the fold.
The EC brought Spain, Greece and Portugal into the fold...
He might find it difficult to return to the family fold even when he realizes his mistake.
slick /slɪk/ adj.
(slick∙er, slick∙est)
1.(sometimes disapproving) done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas 华而不实的；虚有其表的；取巧的
a slick advertising campaign 华而不实的广告攻势
a slick performance 表面热闹但内容贫乏的演出
2.(sometimes disapproving) speaking very easily and smoothly but in a way that does not seem sincere 花言巧语的；能说会道的；油滑的 SYNGLIB
slick TV presenters 伶牙俐齿的电视节目主持人
a slick salesman 花言巧语的推销员
Perhaps those most likely to make the transition from radical to terrorist are the exceedingly vulnerable, who are highly susceptible to jihadi rhetoric, and narcissistic psychopaths, who might revel in the notoriety of being a terrorist.
susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ adj.
1. [not usually before noun] ~ (to sb/ sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/ sth 易受影响（或伤害等）；敏感；过敏
He's highly susceptible to flattery. 他爱听恭维话。
Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others.
这些植物中有一些较其他的易受霜冻危害。
Salt intake may lead to raised blood pressure in susceptible adults.
盐的摄入可能导致易病的成年人血压升高。
2.easily influenced by feelings and emotions 好动感情的；感情丰富的；善感的 SYNIMPRESSIONABLE
She was both charming and susceptible. 她迷人而多情。
3. ~ (of sth) (formal) allowing sth; capable of sth 容许…的；可能…的；可以…的
Is this situation not susceptible of improvement by legislation?
这种状况有无可能通过立法加以改善？
revel in [rev(ə)l]
revels, revelling, revelled
(in AM, use reveling, reveled)
1.[VERB] If you revel in a situation or experience, you enjoy it very much.
[V in n] Revelling in her freedom, she took a hotel room and stayed for several days even though she was expected home...
[V in n] Cats positively revel in heat, whether natural or man-made.
notoriety [noʊtərɑɪɪti]
[N-UNCOUNT] To achieve notoriety means to become well-known for something bad.
He achieved notoriety as chief counsel to President Nixon in the Watergate break-in.
//...Christian Lacroix, who gained notoriety as one of Paris's most flamboyant dress designers in the 1980s.
Moderate Muslim scholars need to provide the theological ammunition to oppose the vile ideas peddled by extremist recruiters while security forces take action against them.
theological
[θɪəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l]
adjective
of or relating to the study of the nature of God and religious belief （有关）神学的
ammunition [æmjʊnɪʃ(ə)n]
1.[N-UNCOUNT] Ammunition is bullets and rockets that are made to be fired from guns.
He had only seven rounds of ammunition for the revolver.
2.[N-UNCOUNT] You can describe information that you can use against someone in an argument or discussion as ammunition. （辩论中可攻击对方的）信息，事实，炮弹
The improved trade figures have given the government fresh ammunition.
peddle /ˈpedl/ verb [VN]
1.to try to sell goods by going from house to house or from place to place 挨户销售；巡回销售
He worked as a door-to-door salesman peddling cloths and brushes.
他的工作是上门推销抹布和刷子。
to peddle illegal drugs 贩卖毒品
2.to spread an idea or story in order to get people to accept it 兜售，宣传，传播（思想、消息）
to peddle malicious gossip 散布恶意的流言蜚语
This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the government spokesmen.
所有的政府发言人都在宣扬这个官方路线。
recruiter
noun BrE //rɪˈkruːtə(r)//; NAmE //rɪˈkruːtər//
a person whose job is to find new people to join a company, an organization, the armed forces, etc.
a survey of corporate recruiters
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