动名词作主语
动名词作主语一般直入在句首,谓语动词用单数。某些特定句型才会出现把动名词放在句末作主语,句首用it形式主语来指代的情况,类似于不定式作主语的结构。
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动名词位于句首作主语
Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.憎恨别人,就好像为了赶走一只老鼠而把自己的房子烧掉。(hating people这个动名词短语是主语)
Getting mad at others means other people are getting control of my emotions!如果我生别人的气,就意味着让别人控制了自己的情绪!
Really using a language makes all the difference,doesn't it?真正去使用一门外语感觉完全不一样,对吧?(using前面用副词really修饰,这表明动名词有动词特征的一个体现,既动词可以被副词修饰)
Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength;while loving someone deeply gives you courage.被爱给你力量;爱人给你勇气。(动名词的被动结构作主语) -
动名词位于句末作主语
仅限于某些特定句型。-
句型一:it is no good/no use doing sth
表示“干某事没用”,it只是形式主语,真正主语为句末的动名词短语doing sth。no good可替换为any/some good,any/some/no use以及a waste of time等,这里doing前面省去了介词in。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.后悔没有用。
Is it any good trying to explain?努力解释有用吗?
It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.看那个电影纯粹是浪费时间和金钱。 -
句型二:there is no point/use/good (in)doing sth
表示“干某事没有必要/没有意义”,“干某事没有用”。
There is no use your arguing with him。你没必要和他争论。
There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和人约会没有用。 -
句型三:there is no doing sth.
意思相当于it's impossible to do sth.或we can't do sth.表示“不可能做某事”。
There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.谁也无法预知明天会发生什么。
There's no knowing the future.谁也无法预知未来。些外还有:there is no denying the fact that...,there is no gainsaying the fact that...意思都是“毋庸置疑”。
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动名词作宾语
动名词主要放在某些特定动词后或介词后面作宾语,还可以用在某些特定句型结构中。
- 在动词后面作宾语
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在介词后面作宾语
I am looking forward to hearing from you.我期待你的来信。
介词后面不能直接用动词原形作宾语,必须改为动名词,对于介词to有些特殊,它即可以是不定式的小品词从而后面接动词原形,也可以是介词从而后面要接动名词。
下面这些短语必须接动名词,而不能接动词原型:
I am used to sleeping with the lights on.我习惯了开着灯睡觉。
The students object to increasing their tuition.学生们反对提高学费 -
在特定的句型中作宾语
I had a hard time getting through this novel.这本我小说很难再继续看下去了。
很多固定的句型结构是要求接动名词作宾语的:
一、“做某事遇到了麻烦/困难”
最常见的表示“做某事遇到麻烦/困难”或“做某事很开心”
My family gave them to me because I have trouble keeping track of the time.这是我家里给我的,因为我很难守时。
下列短语后面要接不定式:take the trouble to do sth,trouble to do sth,have(no) time to do sth.
I worded so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.我昨晚加班到很晚,几乎都来不及赶末班车了。
二、表示“情不自禁”,“不得不”的短语
这些短语包括:can't help doing,can't resist doing,can't keep from doing,can't hold back from doing,can't keep back from doing等。
No one can help liking Tom;he is such a cute boy.没有人不喜欢汤姆,他实在太可爱了。
意思不变的情况下,下面的短语要用动词原形:can't help but do,can't but do和can't choose but do.
三、其他句型结构
还有一些短语,比如:be worth doing,表示“值得做”这些短语用主动形式,表示被动意思。
The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
动名词作表语
主要就是直接放在be动词后边,以补充说明句子主语的具体内容。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
动名词作定语
动名词用作定语,主要放在被修饰名词前面,一般表示所修饰名词的用途。
a sleeping car 小卧车
a reading room 阅览室
动名词的逻辑主语
动名词与其逻辑主语(当句子主语不是动名词动作执行者时,我们就需要逻辑主语)一起构成动名词的复合结构。
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动名词复合结构的构成
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物主代词(his,my,your等)或所有格名词(如Mary's,Tom's等)与动名词连用,即构成动名词的复合结构(如his doing,Mary's doing等)用来引出动名词的逻辑主语。
Clint insisted on reading the letter. 克林特坚持要看信
Clint insisted on my reading the letter. 克林特坚持要我看信
Would you mind telling us the whole story? 你是否愿意把事情的经过告诉我们?
Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story? 你是否愿意让汤姆把事情的经过告诉我们? - 在某些情况下,动名词的逻辑主语可以直接采用宾格代词(me,him)或普通格名词(Tom,his wife)。
Romantic love is very much a part of American culture. Movies,TV shows and books in America all picture people falling in love.浪漫爱情是美国文化的重要组成部分。美国电影、电视、书都描绘了人们如何坠入爱河。(普通格people,也可以用people's falling in love)
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物主代词(his,my,your等)或所有格名词(如Mary's,Tom's等)与动名词连用,即构成动名词的复合结构(如his doing,Mary's doing等)用来引出动名词的逻辑主语。
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什么时候用所有格?什么时候用普通格?
- 若动名词复合结构在句中作主语,最好用所有格形式。
Tom's refusing to accept the invitation upset me.汤姆拒绝接受邀请,这让我很恼火。 - 动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时,用普通格或所有格均可。
Do you mind me/my making a suggestion?我提个建议,你介意吗?
I am annoyed about John/John's forgetting to pay.约翰忘记付钱,这让我很生气。
I remember him once offering to help us if we ever got into trouble.我记得他曾经承诺,一旦我们遇到麻烦他就会来帮助我们。 - 当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的“物”而不是“人”时,最好用变通格。
There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.有必要修建这种类型的房屋。 - 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词(如someone,anyone,everyone等)时,最好用普通格。
He was awakened by someone knocking on the door.有人敲门,把他吵醒了。 - 当动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时,最好用普通格。
There is no point any one of us arguing with him.我们谁与他争论都没有用。
I've always had in my mind a dream of my father,mother and I living together.我一直有一个梦想,我的父亲、母亲和我生活在一起。
- 若动名词复合结构在句中作主语,最好用所有格形式。
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动名词复合结构的用法
这种结构常在句中作主语或宾语。- 用作主语
Tom's coming home at last was a great consolation. - 用作动词的宾语
Do you mind my making a suggestion? - 用作介词的宾语
Clint insisted on my reading the letter.
- 用作主语
动名词的时态和语态
动名词的被动式
- 当动名词的主语或单独的逻辑主语为动名词动作的承受者时,动名词要用被动形式。
I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time.我还记得第一次被带到动物园去的情景。
I remember my parents' taking me to the zoo for the first time.我还记得父母第一次带我去动物园的情景。
动名词的逻辑主语与动名词是被动关系,此时动名词也可用被动结构。
I have not the least objection to the child being punished. 对这孩子进行惩罚我丝毫不反对。 - 主动形式表示被动意思
在demand,deserve,need,require,want等动词后面,动名词的主动形式就可以表示被动意思。
The garden needs watering.这个花园需要浇水。
He deserved praising. 他应该受到表扬。
Your hair wants cutting.你的头发需要剪了。
这些动词后面也可以接不定式,但必须用动词天定式的被动形式。
The garden needs to be watered.
He deserved to be praised.
He deserves shooting first.他应该第一个被枪毙
He deserves to shoot first.他应该第一个开始射击。
动名词的完成式
- 动名词的完成式:表示动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前,尤其是当动名词的动作是谓语之前的一段较长时间内持续的情况。
He denied having been there.他否认去过那里。
I repented having shot the bird.我后悔射杀了那只鸟。 - 动名词的完成被动式:构成是having been done.它兼具完成式和被动式的双重特点。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前得到一次出国留学的机会。
H e prided himself on having never been beaten in chess. 他为自己在棋奕上从未被击败而自豪。
there be的不定式和动名词的形式
- there be的动名词形式
形式为:there being,依然表示“有”的意思,多用于介词后面。
He spoke of there being danger.他当时提到过有危险。
No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.谁也不会想到,会有这么一个好地方。 - there be的不定式形式
形式为:there to be,用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或介词for后面。
I don't mean there to be any unpleasantness.我并没有任何冒犯之意。
I don't want there to be any misunderstanding on this point.我不希望在这一点上有什么误解。
For there to be life,there must be air and water.要想有生命,首先得有空气和水。(不定式表示目的。)
It was too late for there to be any buses.当时太晚了,没有任何公共汽车。(不定式用在for引导的逻辑主语结构中)
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