在谈Python中Django框架和Flask框架的区别之前,我们需要先探讨如下几个问题。
一、为什么要使用框架?
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为了更好地阐述这个问题,我们把开发一个应用的过程进行类比,往往开发一个应用(web应用、系统应用)跟建造房子的过程一样,需要先打地基,搭好骨架,然后一块砖一块砖叠上去。
而开发一个应用呢?
同样也需要一个好的架构设计,数据库建模,然后一个模块一个模块使用代码实现。
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如果开发一个软件应用不使用框架,和我们建房子时,每一块砖、每一根钢筋都需要自己生产出来本质上是一样的。
显而易见,如果在建造房子之前,每一块砖头、每一种建材,都需要我们自己去生产的话,建造房子的效率是极低的,甚至可能一辈子也无法把房子建造好。
在开发应用系统时,使用框架可以带来如下好处:
1、 大大提升开发效率;
2、 让应用开发更加规范、拓展性更强;
3、 让程序员把更多的精力放在业务逻辑的实现上,而不是重复、而复杂的基础环境上(比如web服务器、底层实现等);
二、为什么使用Django和Flask框架?
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1、在Python编程语言的世界里,功能最强大、最流行的两个框架。
2、不仅在web后端开发、微服务开发,同时在ERP系统开发、API接口开发等领域,这两个框架应用非常广泛。
三、Django和Flask的区别
◆ 形象类比
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如果Django类似于精装修的房子,自带豪华家具、非常齐全功能强大的家电,什么都有了,拎包入住即可,十分方便。
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而Flask类似于毛坯房,自己想把房子装修成什么样自己找材料,买家具自己装。
材料和家具种类非常丰富,并且都是现成免费的,直接拿过去用即可。
◆ 在体量上的区别
Flask:小巧、灵活,让程序员自己决定定制哪些功能,非常适用于小型网站。
对于普通的工人来说将毛坯房装修为城市综合体还是很麻烦的,使用Flask来开发大型网站也一样,开发的难度较大,代码架构需要自己设计,开发成本取决于开发者的能力和经验。
Django:大而全,功能极其强大,是Python web框架的先驱,用户多,第三方库极其丰富。
非常适合企业级网站的开发,但是对于小型的微服务来说,总有“杀鸡焉有宰牛刀”的感觉,体量较大,非常臃肿,定制化程度没有Flask高,也没有Flask那么灵活。
◆ 通过大数据统计分析
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全球著名的stackshare网站对Django和Flask这两个框架的调查分析。
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从全球开发者关注程度上: Django为5.8K,Flask为3.31K
从国外招聘网站岗位需求上: 提到Django的有1.77K,Flask为942
从著名的问答网站stack overflow提问数量上: Django 196K,Flask为27.6K。
从全球著名的代码托管平台上的star和fork数量上: Django分别为41.3K、17.8K,Flask分别为43.8K、12.3K。
◆ 完成同样一个Hello World功能
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使用Flask来完成:
第一步,安装Flask,pip install flask
第二步,创建my_first_app.py文件,添加如下代码
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完成最简单的Hello World功能,Flask只需要7行代码,非常简单、方便。
使用Django来完成:
第一步,安装Django,pip install django
第二步,创建工程项目目录,django-admin startprojectmyproject
第三步,创建子应用,python manage.py startappmyapp
第四步,在myapp应用所在目录中的views.py文件中,添加如下代码。
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第五步,在myapp应用所在目录中创建urls.py路由文件,并添加如下代码
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第六步,在主路由文件中添加路由。
从上面的操作步骤可知,实现同样的一个功能,往往Flask较为简单,代码较少,而Django所涉及到的流程较多,工程项目结构清晰,在大型项目中具有优势。
四、实际中如何选择这两个框架
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如果你想搞懂Python web开发WSGI协议原理以及实现过程、或者你想灵活定制组件,完全DIY你的应用、想实现微服务。 那么建议你选择Flask。
如果你关注产品的最终交付、想快速开发一个大的应用系统(比如新闻类网站、商城、ERP等)。 那么建议你选择Django,你想得到的功能它都有,想不到的功能它也有。
五、如何才能学好框架
1、需要先学习框架的基础知识、基本实现原理
2、结合项目实践,提升编码能力和业务逻辑的理解
3、翻看框架源码,深入理解源码精髓(进阶)
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