Rust 入门 - Enum

定义

enum IpAddrkind {
    V4,
    V6,
}

struct IpAddr {
    kind: IpAddrkind,
    address: String,
}

使用
注意枚举的成员位于其标识符的命名空间中，并使用两个冒号分开。

let four = IpAddrkind::V4;
let six = IpAddrkind::V6;

let home = IpAddr {
    kind: IpAddrkind::V4,
    address: String::from("127.0.0.1"),
};

let loopback = IpAddr {
    kind: IpAddrkind::V6,
    address: String::from("::1"),
};

更简洁的方式

enum IpAddress {
    V4(String),
    V6(String),
}

let home = IpAddress::V4(String::from("127.0.0.1"));
let loopback = IpAddress::V6(String::from("::1"));

优化版本，让代码有更多的意义

enum Ip {
    V4(u8, u8, u8, u8),
    V6(String),
}

let home = Ip::V4(127, 0, 0, 0);
let loopback = Ip::V6(String::from("::1"));

嵌入多种类型

// Quit 没有关联任何数据。
// Move 包含一个匿名结构体。
// Write 包含单独一个 String。
// ChangeColor 包含三个 i32。
enum Message {
    Quit,
    Move { x: i32, y: i32 },
    Write(String),
    ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
}

let m = Message::Write(String::from("hello"));
m.call();


// 结构体和枚举还有另一个相似点：就像可以使用 impl 来为结构体定义方法那样，也可以在枚举上定义方法。
impl Message {
    fn call(&self) {}
}

Option 枚举和其相对于空值的优势
Rust 中没有空值，不过它确实拥有一个可以编码存在或不存在概念的枚举。这个枚举是 Option<T>，而且它定义于标准库中

let some_number = Some(5);
let some_string = Some("a string");
let absent_number: Option<i32> = None;
println!("{:?}, {:?}, {:?}", some_number, some_string, absent_number);

match 控制流运算符

let res = value_in_cents(Coin::Penny);
println!("res:{:?}", res);

enum Coin {
    Penny,
    Nickel,
    Dime,
    Quarter,
}

fn value_in_cents(coin: Coin) -> u8 {
    match coin {
        Coin::Penny => {
            println!("Lucky penny!");
            1
        }
        Coin::Nickel => 5,
        Coin::Dime => 10,
        Coin::Quarter => 25,
    }
}

绑定值的模式

let res = value_in_cents1(Coin1::Quarter(UsState::Alabama));
println!("res = {}", res);

fn value_in_cents1(coin: Coin1) -> u8 {
    match coin {
        Coin1::Penny => {
            println!("Lucky penny!");
            1
        }
        Coin1::Nickel => 5,
        Coin1::Dime => 10,
        Coin1::Quarter(state) => {
            println!("State quarter from {:?}!", state);
            25
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum UsState {
    Alabama,
    Alaska,
}

enum Coin1 {
    Penny,
    Nickel,
    Dime,
    Quarter(UsState),
}

匹配 Option<T>

let five = Some(5);
let six = plus_one(five);
let none = plus_one(None);
println!("five = {:?}, six = {:?}, none = {:?}", five, six, none);

fn plus_one(x: Option<i32>) -> Option<i32> {
    match x {
        None => None,
        Some(i) => Some(i + 1),
    }
}

_ 通配符

可以使用特殊的模式 _ 替代 默认

let some_u8_value = 0u8;
match some_u8_value {
    1 => println!("one"),
    3 => println!("three"),
    5 => println!("five"),
    7 => println!("seven"),
    _ => println!("Ignore"),
}

if let 简单控制流

let some_u8_value = Some(0u8);
println!("{:?}", some_u8_value);
match some_u8_value {
    Some(3) => println!("theree"),
    _ => (),
}

简洁写法

if let Some(3) = some_u8_value {
    println!("Three");
} else {
    println!("Default");
}

可以认为 if let 是 match 的一个语法糖

let coin = Coin1::Quarter(UsState::Alabama);
let mut count = 0;
match coin {
    Coin1::Quarter(state) => println!("State quarter from {:?}!", state),
    _ => count += 1,
}

用if let 写法

let coin = Coin1::Quarter(UsState::Alaska);
if let Coin1::Quarter(state) = coin {
    println!("State quarter from {:?}!", state);
} else {
    count += 1;
}