结巴分词（自然语言处理之中文分词器）

jieba分词算法使用了基于前缀词典实现高效的词图扫描，生成句子中汉字所有可能生成词情况所构成的有向无环图(DAG), 再采用了动态规划查找最大概率路径，找出基于词频的最大切分组合，对于未登录词，采用了基于汉字成词能力的HMM模型，使用了Viterbi算法。

python 结巴分词学习

jieba分词支持三种分词模式：

1. 精确模式, 试图将句子最精确地切开，适合文本分析：

2. 全模式，把句子中所有的可以成词的词语都扫描出来，速度非常快，但是不能解决歧义；

3. 搜索引擎模式，在精确模式的基础上，对长词再词切分，提高召回率，适合用于搜索引擎分词。

一 结巴分词的安装

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">pip3 install jieba
</pre>

二 结巴分词的主要功能

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1. jieba.cut：该方法接受三个输入参数：
　　参数1：需要分词的字符串;
　　参数2：cut_all参数用来控制是否采用全模式，默认为精确模式；
cut_all=True 全模式
cut_all=false 精确（默认）模式
　　参数3：HMM参数用来控制是否适用HMM模型
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">2. jieba.cut_for_search：该方法接受两个参数：
　　参数1：需要分词的字符串；
　　参数2：是否使用HMM模型，
该方法适用于搜索引擎构建倒排索引的分词，粒度比较细。
</pre>

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">3. jieba.cut 以及jieba.cut_for_search
返回的结构都是可以得到的generator(生成器)
</pre>

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">4. jieb.lcut 以及 jieba.lcut_for_search
直接返回list
</pre>

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">5.jieba.Tokenizer(dictionary=DEFUALT_DICT)
新建自定义分词器，
可用于同时使用不同字典，
jieba.dt为默认分词器，所有全局分词相关函数都是该分词器的映射。
</pre>

三 结巴分词的三种模式

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import jieba
text='赵丽颖主演的正午阳光剧,知否知否应是绿肥红瘦'
</pre>

1 全模式 cut_all=True

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">seq_list=jieba.cut(text,cut_all=True)
print(seq_list) #<generator object Tokenizer.cut at 0x0000026EB6F0CD58>
print(list(seq_list))
'''
['赵', '丽', '颖', '主演', '的', '正午', '阳光', '剧', '', '', '知', '否', '知', '否', '应', '是', '绿肥', '绿肥红瘦']
'''
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

2 精确模式 （默认模式） cut_all =False

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># 02精确模式
seq_list=jieba.cut(text,cut_all=False)
print(list(seq_list))
'''
['赵丽颖', '主演', '的', '正午', '阳光', '剧', ',', '知否', '知否', '应', '是', '绿肥红瘦']
'''
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

3 搜索引擎模式 cut_for_search

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">seq_list=jieba.cut_for_search(text,)
print(list(seq_list))
'''
['赵丽颖', '主演', '的', '正午', '阳光', '剧', ',', '知否', '知否', '应', '是', '绿肥', '绿肥红瘦']
'''
</pre>

四 自定义分词器(jieba.Tokenizer)

1　创建词典内容的格式

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">一个词语占一行(分三部分)
格式: 词语 词频 词性
如:张三 5
李四 10 eng
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

2 自定义词典的导入(load_userdict)

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">text='赵丽颖主演的正午阳光剧,知否知否应是绿肥红瘦'

自定义词典

jieba.load_userdict('自定义词典.txt')
sep_list=jieba.lcut(text)
print('userdict>>>',sep_list)
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">userdict>>> ['赵丽颖', '主演', '的', '正午', '阳光剧', ',', '知否', '知否', '应是', '绿肥红瘦']
</pre>

五 利用jieba 进行关键词的抽取

1 基于TF－IDF算法的关键词抽取

详解自然语言处理之TF-IDF模型和python实现

2 python 实现关键提取

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">jieba.analyse.extract_tags(text,topK=20,withWeight=False,allowPOS=())
'''
text:为待提取的文本;
topK:返回几个TF/IDF权重最大的关键字,默认值为20;
withWeight:是否一并返回关键词权重值,默认False;
'''
jieba.analyse.TFIDF(idf_path=None) #新建tf-idf实例,idf_path为IDF实例
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

五 使用结巴的词云实例

1 数据准备

文档:

python 结巴分词学习

死了都要爱.txt

python 结巴分词学习

dream ispossible.txt

图片:(红心.jpg)

python 结巴分词学习 python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># 数据获取
with open('死了都要爱.txt','r',encoding='utf8')as f:
text=f.read()

with open('dream is possible.txt','r',encoding='utf8')as f:

text=f.read()

图片获取

mask=np.array(Image.open('红心.jpg'))
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

2 数据清洗

屏蔽不需要的数据和分词

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># 数据清洗

屏蔽死了都要爱

STOPWORDS.add('死了都要爱')
sep_list=jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=False)
sep_list=" ".join(sep_list) #转为字符串
</pre>

自定义画布

python 结巴分词学习

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">wc=WordCloud(
font_path=font,#使用的字体库
margin=2,
mask=mask,#背景图片
background_color='white', #背景颜色
max_font_size=25,
max_words=200,
stopwords=STOPWORDS, #屏蔽的内容
)
</pre>

python 结巴分词学习

生成词语,保存图片

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">wc.generate(text) #制作词云
wc.to_file('新增图片.jpg') #保存到当地文件
</pre>

3 数据展示

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">plt.imshow(wc,interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
</pre>

完整代码和效果展示

python 结巴分词学习

完整代码

图片一(未分词):

python 结巴分词学习

图片二(分词效果)

python 结巴分词学习 python 结巴分词学习