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语法笔记—可做主语的词类

语法笔记—可做主语的词类

作者: kyo_young | 来源:发表于2016-05-07 13:48 被阅读0次

    学习资料:赖氏经典英语语法

    <a id="noun">名词作主语</a>

    例:

    Gold is of much value.
    ----
    (黄金很值钱。)
    

    <a id="gerund">动名词作主语</a>

    用动名词作主语,通常用以表示 已知的事实曾经做过的经历,例:

    Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
    -----------------
    (集邮是他的爱好之一。)
    

    <a id="infinitive">不定式作主语</a>

    用不定式作主语,通常表示一种 意愿目的未完成的事。例:

    To study abroad is my greatest desire.
    ---------------
    (出国读书是我最大的愿望。)
    

    <a id="noun_clauses">名词性从句作主语</a>

    句子绝不能当主语,一定要变成名词性从句方可作主语。例:

    That he doesn't study makes me angry.
    ---------------------
    (他不学习令我生气。)
    

    名词性从句一共有三种:

    <a id="that_clauses">1)that 从句</a>

    任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以 that,即成 that 从句,例:

       He doesn't believe my words.(句子)
       --
    -> that he doesn't believe my words(名词性从句)
       ----
       (他不相信我说的话)
    

    注意:that 从句 不可 作介词的宾语,例:

    I am sure of that the team has won the game.(✘)
              -- ------------------------------
    

    遇有介词,且非要使用 that 从句时,方法如下:

    <a id="the_fact_that">a)介词 + the fact + that 从句</a>

    如此,就可用 the fact 作介词的宾语,而 that 从句就成了 the fact 的同位语,例:

    I am worried about the fact that he doesn't study.
                 ----- -------- ---------------------
    (我担心他不学习。)
    

    <a id="gerund_that">b)that 后的主语变成所有格,动词变成动名词,把 that 去掉</a>

    例:

       I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
    -> I am worried about his playing around all day.
                    ----- --- -------
       (我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)
    

    that 从句若有助动词 do、dose、did 或 will、would 时,予以去掉即可,例:

       I am worried about that he doesn't study.(✘)
    -> I am worried about his not studying.
                    ----- --- --- --------
       (我担心他不学习。)
    

    that 从句若有 may 或 can 助动词时,将主语变所有格,并做如下变化:

    may -> being likely to

    can -> being able to

       I am happy about that he may come.(✘)
    -> I am happy about his being likely to come.
                  ----- --- ---------------
       (我很高兴他可能会来。)
       
       I am sure of that he can do it.(✘)
    -> I am sure of his being able to do it.
                 -- --- -------------
       (我确定他能做这件事。)
    

    <a id="adj_that">c)be + adj. + that 从句</a>

    去掉介词,将 that 从句放在形容词后面,做其宾语。

       I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
    -> I am worried that he plays around all day.
            ------- ----------------------------
       (我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)
    

    注意:

    有时介词之后亦可直接接 that 从句,形成惯用语,而不需加 the fact。

    in that = because 因为

    例:He is talented in that he can speak five different languages.

    (他很有才华,因为他能说五种语言。)

    except that 只可惜;除了……

    例:He is nice except that sometimes he lies.

    (他人很不错,只可惜有时会说谎。)

    notwithstanding that 尽管

    = despite the fact that

    = in spite of the fact that

    例:Notwithstanding that he is nice, I don't like him.

    = Despite the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

    = In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

    (尽管他人好,我却不喜欢他。)

    <a id="wheter_clauses">2)whether 从句</a>

    本从句是由一般疑问句(可用 yes / no 回答的问句)变化而成。

    a)问句有 be 动词时

    主语与 be 动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:

       Is he happy?(问句)
       -----
    -> whether he is happy(名词性从句)
       -------------
       (他是否快乐)
    

    b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时

    主语与助动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:

       Can he do it?(问句)
       ------
    -> whether he can do it(名词性从句)
       -------------
       (他是否能做这件事)
    

    c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时

    主语与助动词还原,再将 do、does、did 去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化,前面冠以 whether,例:

       Did he come?
       ------
    -> whether he came(他是否来了)
       -------    ----
       (did 为一般过去时,故 come 改为过去式 came)
    

    <a id="interrogative_clauses">3)疑问词从句</a>

    本从句是由特殊疑问句(由when、what、how、where、why)等引导的问句变化而成。

    a)问句有 be 动词时

    主语与 be 动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:

       What is he doing?(问句)
       ---- -----
    -> what he is doing(名词性从句)
       ---- -----
       (他正在做什么?)
    

    b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时

    主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:

       Where can he find it?(问句)
       ----- ------
    -> where he can find it(名词性从句)
       ----- ------
       (他在哪里能找到它?)
    

    c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时

    主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,再将 do、does、did 去掉,动词依人称和时态变化,例:

       What did he write?
       ---- ------
    -> what he wrote?
       ----    -----
       (did 为一般过去时,故 write 改为过去式 wrote)
    

    注意:
    疑问代词 who、what、which 在问句中作主语,变成名词性从句时,结构不变。
    例:

       Who came here?(问句)
       ---
    -> who came here(名词性从句)
       ---
    

    <a id="pronoun">代词作主语</a>

    例:

    He always keeps his promise.
    --
    (他总是信守承诺。)
    

    动名词、不定式短语或名词性从句作主语时,往往会形成主语太长的现象,故通常用代词 it 作形式主语,置于聚首,而将真正主语(即动名词、不定式或名词性从句)移至句尾。

    • 动名词移至句尾时,通常改为不定式短语。例:
      Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
      -----------------
    = It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.
      --                       -----------------
    
    • 不定式短语作主语时,直接移至句尾。例:
      To study abroad is my greatest desire.
      ---------------
    = It is my greatest desire to study abroad.
      --                       ---------------
    
    • 名词性从句作主语时,直接移至句尾。例:
      Where he lives is still in doubt.
      --------------
    = It is still in doubt where he lives.
      --                   --------------
    

    特殊用法:

    It is no use + 动名词短语

    = It is useless + 不定式短语

    = It is of no use + 不定式短语

    = There is no use/sense/point in + 动名词短语

    例:It is useless to cry over spilt milk.

    = It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.

    = There is no use in crying over spilt milk.

    (覆水难收。)

    <a id="noun_phrase">名词短语作主语</a>

    名词短语是由 “疑问词 + 不定式短语” 形成。

    疑问副词

    • where to live(住哪里)
    • whether to try again(是否再试一次)
    • when to talk to him(什么时候和他谈)
    • how to do it(如何做那事)

    注意:why 不能形成名词短语,只能作疑问词从句

    疑问代词

    • what to do(做什么)
    • whom to see(看谁)
    • which to buy(买哪一个)
    • whom to talk to(与谁谈)

    例:

    How to handle the problem depends on how much money we can collect.
    -------------------------
    (我们如何处理这问题要视我们能募集到多少钱而定。)
    
    Which to buy is not decided yet.
    ------------
    (买哪一个还没决定。)
    

    <a id="adverbial_phrase">表距离或时间的副词短语</a>

    表示距离或时间的副词短语,亦可作主语,与单数的 be 动词连用。

    from + 地方名词 + to + 地方名词

    from + 时间 + to / till + 时间

    例:

      From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
      ------------------------
    = It is about 1000 kilometers from Shanghai to Beijing.
      --                          ------------------------
      (从上海到北京大约1000公里。)
      
      
      From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.
      -------------------
    = It is a long period of time from 1990 till 2003.
      --                          -------------------
      (从1990年到2003年是一段很长的时间。)

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