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django 3.1.4 websocket

django 3.1.4 websocket

作者: Joncc | 来源:发表于2021-01-15 22:46 被阅读0次

    我们与妻子一起经营一家小型数字代理商。我们使用Django作为主要的Web开发框架,并且喜欢简单。

    在本文中,我将指导您如何在不安装第三方应用程序的情况下在Django应用程序中启用WebSockets。

    Django从3.0版开始引入了ASGI接口,在3.1版中引入了异步视图。我们的解决方案将基于异步视图。在本教程中,我们将使用Python 3.7和Django 3.1。

    WebSockets ASGI界面简介

    ASGI是已经使用了多年的WSGI协议的替代协议,并且将在接下来的2-3年内成为Python Web框架中的事实上的标准。

    那么,WebSocket在这种情况下如何工作?让我们找到它!

    WebSocket客户端与您的应用程序之间的通信是基于事件的。ASGI规范定义了两种类型的事件:发送和接收。

    接收事件。这些是客户端发送到您的应用程序的事件。让我们看看它们:

    • websocket.connect 当客户端尝试与我们的应用程序建立连接时发送
    • websocket.receive 当客户向我们的应用发送数据时发送
    • websocket.disconnect 告诉我们客户端已断开连接。

    发送事件由我们的应用程序发出给客户端(例如浏览器)。以下是它们的列表:

    • websocket.accept —如果我们要允许连接,我们会将事件发送回客户端
    • websocket.send —通过此事件,我们将数据推送到客户端
    • websocket.close 当我们想要中止连接时由应用程序发出。

    现在,我们知道该党的所有参与者,是时候谈论他们的命令了。

    当浏览器打开连接时,ASGI协议服务器(我们将在后面讨论)将websocket.connect事件发送给我们。我们的应用程序必须使用websocket.acceptwebsocket.close根据我们的逻辑对其做出响应。很简单:websocket.accept如果允许连接,则发出websocket.close,或者取消连接就发出。例如,如果用户没有连接权限或未登录,则可能要取消连接。我将假设您在接下来的步骤中允许连接。

    接受连接后,应用程序即可使用websocket.sendwebsocket.receive事件通过该套接字发送和接收数据。

    最后,当浏览器离开页面或刷新页面时,awebsocket.disconnect将发送到应用程序。作为开发人员,您仍然可以控制连接,并且可以随时通过发送websocket.close事件来中止连接。

    这是ASGI如何处理WebSocket的简要说明。它不限于Django,它适用于任何其他与ASGI兼容的Web框架,例如StarletteFastAPI

    设置Django应用

    在本教程中,我将不涉及Django安装和设置主题。另外,我假设您已经安装并正在运行Django。

    首先,我们必须创建一个新的Django应用程序。该应用程序将保留自定义URL模式功能,ASGI中间件和WebSocket连接类。

    让我们使用以下命令创建一个新应用:

    django-admin startapp websocket
    
    

    好的,现在让我们创建一个新的小助手功能,以方便开发人员。目前,此功能将是路径功能的简单别名。

    将此内容添加urls.pywebsocket应用程序:

    from django.urls import path
    
    websocket = path
    
    

    现在,您可以以不同的方式配置WebSocket URL。是时候创建您的第一个WebSocket视图了!为了使事情简单易用,我们将制作另一个名为的Django应用users。不要忘记在INSTALLED_APPS设置中同时启用两个应用程序!

    django-admin startapp users
    
    
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
    
        'users',                                                                                                                                                            
        'app',
    ]
    
    

    实施ASGI中间件

    中间件将是我们在WebSocket和Django提供的异步视图之间的粘合代码。中间件将拦截WebSocket请求,并将其与Django默认请求处理程序分开分发。创建新的Django项目时,已安装的项目已将一个新文件添加asgi.py到项目安装目录。您将在其中找到ASGI应用程序。这是我们要使用的应用程序,而不是中定义的应用程序wsgi.py

    创建一个新websocket/middleware.py文件,并将代码放入其中:

    from django.urls import resolve
    from .connection import WebSocket
    
    def websockets(app):
        async def asgi(scope, receive, send):
            if scope["type"] == "websocket":
                match = resolve(scope["raw_path"])
                await match.func(WebSocket(scope, receive, send), *match.args, **match.kwargs)
                return
            await app(scope, receive, send)
        return asgi
    
    

    每个ASGI中间件都是一个可调用对象,它接受另一个可调用对象。在中间件中,我们测试请求类型是否为websocket,如果是,则为可调度视图函数调用Django的URL解析器。顺便说一句,如果解析器找不到与URL匹配的视图,将引发404错误。

    现在,打开project_name/asgi.py文件并使用此中间件包装默认应用程序:

    import os
    from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
    os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'lbs_socket.settings')
    application = get_asgi_application()
    
    from websocket.middleware import websockets
    application = websockets(application)                                     
    
    

    从那一刻起,我们的中间件将捕获每个发出的请求,并对其类型进行测试。如果类型是websocket中间件,则中间件将尝试解析并调用视图函数。

    此刻不要介意从.connection模块中丢失导入。我们将在一分钟内完成。

    添加WebSocket连接

    WebSocket连接的角色类似于您在视图中使用的请求对象。该连接将封装请求信息以及有助于您接收和发送数据的方法。该连接将作为WebSocket视图函数的第一个参数传递。

    websocket/connection.py使用下面的要点创建内容。为了简化生活,我们还将枚举类中所有可能的WebSocket事件,添加Headers类以访问请求标头,以及QueryParams从查询字符串中获取变量。

    import json
    import typing as t
    from urllib import parse
    
    class State:
        CONNECTING = 1
        CONNECTED = 2
        DISCONNECTED = 3
    
    class SendEvent:
        """Lists events that application can send.
        ACCEPT - Sent by the application when it wishes to accept an incoming connection.
        SEND - Sent by the application to send a data message to the client.
        CLOSE - Sent by the application to tell the server to close the connection.
            If this is sent before the socket is accepted, the server must close
            the connection with a HTTP 403 error code (Forbidden), and not complete
            the WebSocket handshake; this may present on some browsers as 
            a different WebSocket error code (such as 1006, Abnormal Closure).
        """
    
        ACCEPT = "websocket.accept"
        SEND = "websocket.send"
        CLOSE = "websocket.close"
    
    class ReceiveEvent:
        """Enumerates events that application can receive from protocol server.
        CONNECT - Sent to the application when the client initially 
            opens  a connection and is about to finish the WebSocket handshake.
            This message must be responded to with either an Accept message or a Close message 
            before the socket will pass websocket.receive messages.
        RECEIVE - Sent to the application when a data message is received from the client.
        DISCONNECT - Sent to the application when either connection to the client is lost, 
            either from the client closing the connection, 
            the server closing the connection, or loss of the socket.
        """
    
        CONNECT = "websocket.connect"
        RECEIVE = "websocket.receive"
        DISCONNECT = "websocket.disconnect"
    
    class Headers:
        def __init__(self, scope):
            self._scope = scope
    
        def keys(self):
            return [header[0].decode() for header in self._scope["headers"]]
    
        def as_dict(self) -> dict:
            return {h[0].decode(): h[1].decode() for h in self._scope["headers"]}
    
        def __getitem__(self, item: str) -> str:
            return self.as_dict()[item.lower()]
    
        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            return str(dict(self))
    
    class QueryParams:
        def __init__(self, query_string: str):
            self._dict = dict(parse.parse_qsl(query_string))
    
        def keys(self):
            return self._dict.keys()
    
        def get(self, item, default=None):
            return self._dict.get(item, default)
    
        def __getitem__(self, item: str):
            return self._dict[item]
    
        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            return str(dict(self))
    
    class WebSocket:
        def __init__(self, scope, receive, send):
            self._scope = scope
            self._receive = receive
            self._send = send
            self._client_state = State.CONNECTING
            self._app_state = State.CONNECTING
    
        @property
        def headers(self):
            return Headers(self._scope)
    
        @property
        def scheme(self):
            return self._scope["scheme"]
    
        @property
        def path(self):
            return self._scope["path"]
    
        @property
        def query_params(self):
            return QueryParams(self._scope["query_string"].decode())
    
        @property
        def query_string(self) -> str:
            return self._scope["query_string"]
    
        @property
        def scope(self):
            return self._scope
    
        async def accept(self, subprotocol: str = None):
            """Accept connection.
            :param subprotocol: The subprotocol the server wishes to accept.
            :type subprotocol: str, optional
            """
            if self._client_state == State.CONNECTING:
                await self.receive()
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.ACCEPT, "subprotocol": subprotocol})
    
        async def close(self, code: int = 1000):
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.CLOSE, "code": code})
    
        async def send(self, message: t.Mapping):
            if self._app_state == State.DISCONNECTED:
                raise RuntimeError("WebSocket is disconnected.")
    
            if self._app_state == State.CONNECTING:
                assert message["type"] in {SendEvent.ACCEPT, SendEvent.CLOSE}, (
                    'Could not write event "%s" into socket in connecting state.'
                    % message["type"]
                )
                if message["type"] == SendEvent.CLOSE:
                    self._app_state = State.DISCONNECTED
                else:
                    self._app_state = State.CONNECTED
    
            elif self._app_state == State.CONNECTED:
                assert message["type"] in {SendEvent.SEND, SendEvent.CLOSE}, (
                    'Connected socket can send "%s" and "%s" events, not "%s"'
                    % (SendEvent.SEND, SendEvent.CLOSE, message["type"])
                )
                if message["type"] == SendEvent.CLOSE:
                    self._app_state = State.DISCONNECTED
    
            await self._send(message)
    
        async def receive(self):
            if self._client_state == State.DISCONNECTED:
                raise RuntimeError("WebSocket is disconnected.")
    
            message = await self._receive()
    
            if self._client_state == State.CONNECTING:
                assert message["type"] == ReceiveEvent.CONNECT, (
                    'WebSocket is in connecting state but received "%s" event'
                    % message["type"]
                )
                self._client_state = State.CONNECTED
    
            elif self._client_state == State.CONNECTED:
                assert message["type"] in {ReceiveEvent.RECEIVE, ReceiveEvent.DISCONNECT}, (
                    'WebSocket is connected but received invalid event "%s".'
                    % message["type"]
                )
                if message["type"] == ReceiveEvent.DISCONNECT:
                    self._client_state = State.DISCONNECTED
    
            return message
    
        async def receive_json(self) -> t.Any:
            message = await self.receive()
            self._test_if_can_receive(message)
            return json.loads(message["text"])
    
        async def receive_jsonb(self) -> t.Any:
            message = await self.receive()
            self._test_if_can_receive(message)
            return json.loads(message["bytes"].decode())
    
        async def receive_text(self) -> str:
            message = await self.receive()
            self._test_if_can_receive(message)
            return message["text"]
    
        async def receive_bytes(self) -> bytes:
            message = await self.receive()
            self._test_if_can_receive(message)
            return message["bytes"]
    
        async def send_json(self, data: t.Any, **dump_kwargs):
            data = json.dumps(data, **dump_kwargs)
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.SEND, "text": data})
    
        async def send_jsonb(self, data: t.Any, **dump_kwargs):
            data = json.dumps(data, **dump_kwargs)
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.SEND, "bytes": data.encode()})
    
        async def send_text(self, text: str):
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.SEND, "text": text})
    
        async def send_bytes(self, text: t.Union[str, bytes]):
            if isinstance(text, str):
                text = text.encode()
            await self.send({"type": SendEvent.SEND, "bytes": text})
    
        def _test_if_can_receive(self, message: t.Mapping):
            assert message["type"] == ReceiveEvent.RECEIVE, (
                'Invalid message type "%s". Was connection accepted?' % message["type"]
            )
    
    

    添加您的第一个WebSocket视图

    我们的项目设置为处理WebSocket连接。剩下的唯一内容是WebSocket视图功能。我们还需要一个模板视图来提供HTML页面。

    # users/views.py
    from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
                                                                                                                                                                            
    class IndexView(TemplateView):
        template_name = "index.html"
    
    async def websocket_view(socket):
        await socket.accept()
        await socket.send_text('hello')
        await socket.close()
    
    
    

    在根目录中挂载两个视图 urls.py

    # project_name/urls.py
    from django.urls import path
    from websocket.urls import websocket
    from users import views
    urlpatterns = [
        path("", views.IndexView.as_view()),
        websocket("ws/", views.websocket_view),
    ]
    
    

    users/templates/index.html 应该包含以下脚本:

    <script>
        new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8000/ws/');
    </script>
    
    

    这是建立WebSocket连接的最低要求。

    启动开发服务器

    在撰写本文时,Django的runserver命令未使用中定义的应用程序asgi.py。我们需要使用第三方应用服务器。我将使用Uvicorn

    pip3 install uvicorn[standard]
    
    

    安装完成后,启动传递ASGI应用程序的服务器作为第一个位置参数:

    export LC_ALL=en_US.utf-8 && export LANG=en_US.utf-8  
    
    uvicorn project_name.asgi:application --host '0.0.0.0' --port 8033 --reload --debug
    
    
        check_sqlite_version()
      File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py", line 67, in check_sqlite_version
        raise ImproperlyConfigured('SQLite 3.8.3 or later is required (found %s).' % Database.sqlite_version)
    django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: SQLite 3.8.3 or later is required (found 3.7.17).
    ^CINFO:     Stopping reloader process [104]
    
    
    #DATABASES = {
    #    'default': {
    #        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    #        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    #    }
    #}
    
    

    导航到http:// localhost:8000 /,打开浏览器的控制台,切换到“网络”选项卡,观察WebSockets的工作情况。

    image

    回声服务器

    我们创建的WebSocket视图是没有用的。它发送一条消息,然后关闭连接。我们将在一个简单的回显服务器中重构它,该服务器使用传入的消息文本来回复客户端。

    替换websocket_viewusers/views.py用下面的代码:

    async def websocket_view(socket: WebSocket):
        await socket.accept()
        while True:
            message = await socket.receive_text()
            await socket.send_text(message)
    
    

    并将其内容替换为users/templates/index.html

    <script>
    let socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8000/ws/');
    let timer = null;
    socket.onopen = () => {
        timer = setInterval(() => {
            socket.send('hello');
        }, 1000);
    };
    socket.onclose = socket.onerror = () => {
        clearInterval(timer);
    };
    </script>
    
    

    更新的代码将hello每隔一秒钟将文本发送到我们的应用程序,我们的应用程序将以相同的消息对其进行响应。

    image

    结论

    在本文中,我演示了如何仅使用Django 3.1和标准python库将WebSocket支持添加到Django项目中。是的,我知道仍然需要安装Uvicorn,但这是目前Django开发服务器的限制。

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