要点

使用FindFirstFile和FindNextFile两个WindowsAPI，并配合链表或队列存储文件夹序列。

C++源码（链表存储）

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <Windows.h>

using namespace std;


typedef struct DirTable
{
    CHAR dir[255];
    DirTable* next;
}DirTable;

DirTable *g_firstNode = NULL, *g_lastNode = NULL, *g_iterNode = NULL;
int g_reCount = 0;

void AddNode(const CHAR* dirRoad)
{
    DirTable* NewNode = new DirTable;
    ZeroMemory(NewNode->dir, 255);
    strcpy_s(NewNode->dir, 255, dirRoad);
    NewNode->next = NULL;
    if (g_firstNode == NULL)
    {
        g_firstNode = NewNode;
        g_iterNode = NewNode;
        g_lastNode = NewNode;
    }
    else {
        g_iterNode->next = NewNode;
        g_iterNode = g_iterNode->next;
        g_lastNode = NewNode;
    }
    return;
}

void FindFile(const CHAR* rootId, const CHAR* TargetFile)
{
    CHAR dirRoad[255] = { 0 };             //链表中添加的文件夹路径
    CHAR targetFileRoad[255] = { 0 };      //目标文件路径
    CHAR searchRoad[255] = { 0 };          //文件夹搜索路径
    HANDLE h_File = NULL;
    WIN32_FIND_DATA winData;
    strcat_s(searchRoad, 255, rootId);
    strcat_s(searchRoad, 255, "\\*.*");
    h_File = FindFirstFile(searchRoad, &winData);
    do {
        if (winData.dwFileAttributes&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
        {
            if (strcmp(winData.cFileName, ".") == 0 || strcmp(winData.cFileName, "..") == 0)
            {
                continue;
            }
            strcpy_s(dirRoad, 255, rootId);
            strcat_s(dirRoad, 255, "\\");
            strcat_s(dirRoad, 255, winData.cFileName);
            AddNode(dirRoad);
            ZeroMemory(dirRoad, 255);
        }
    } while (FindNextFile(h_File, &winData));
    strcat_s(targetFileRoad, 255, rootId);
    strcat_s(targetFileRoad, 255, "\\");
    strcat_s(targetFileRoad, 255, TargetFile);
    h_File = FindFirstFile(targetFileRoad, &winData);
    if (h_File != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        do
        {
            g_reCount++;
            printf("\nResult %d ==> %s\n", g_reCount, targetFileRoad);
        } while (FindNextFile(h_File, &winData));
    }
    ZeroMemory(targetFileRoad, 255);
    return;
}

void SearchFile(const CHAR* rootId, const CHAR* TargetFile)
{
    FindFile(rootId, TargetFile);
    while (g_firstNode)
    {
        FindFile(g_firstNode->dir, TargetFile);
        g_firstNode = g_firstNode->next;
    }
    if (!g_firstNode) printf("\n\nSearching End >_<...\n\nTotal-Result: ==> Find %d Files...\n\n", g_reCount);
    return;
}

int main(void)
{
    CHAR* strTargetFile = (CHAR*)malloc(255 * sizeof(CHAR));
    CHAR* strrootId = (CHAR*)malloc(255 * sizeof(CHAR));
    printf("Please input TargetFile:");
    scanf_s("%s", strTargetFile, 255);
    printf("Please input rootId:");
    scanf_s("%s", strrootId, 255);
    SearchFile(strrootId, strTargetFile);
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

C++源码（队列存储）

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

queue<string> g_fileDirectoryQuery;
int g_reCount = 0;

void FindFile(const string rootId, const string &TargetFile)
{
    HANDLE h_File = NULL;
    WIN32_FIND_DATA winData;
    string dirRoad = "";             //添加进队列的文件夹路径
    string targetFileRoad = "";      //目标文件路径
    dirRoad.append(rootId);
    dirRoad.append("\\*.*");
    h_File = FindFirstFile(dirRoad.c_str(), &winData);
    dirRoad = "";
    do {
        if (winData.dwFileAttributes&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
        {
            if (strcmp(winData.cFileName, ".") == 0 || strcmp(winData.cFileName, "..") == 0) continue;
            dirRoad.append(rootId);
            dirRoad.append("\\");
            dirRoad.append(winData.cFileName);
            g_fileDirectoryQuery.push(dirRoad);
            dirRoad = "";
        }
    } while (FindNextFile(h_File, &winData));
    targetFileRoad.append(rootId);
    targetFileRoad.append("\\");
    targetFileRoad.append(TargetFile);
    h_File = FindFirstFile(targetFileRoad.c_str(), &winData);
    if (h_File != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        do
        {
            g_reCount++;
            cout << endl << "Result No." << g_reCount << " ==> " << targetFileRoad << endl;
        } while (FindNextFile(h_File, &winData));
    }
    return;
}

void SearchFile(const string rootId, const string &TargetFile)
{
    FindFile(rootId, TargetFile);
    while (!g_fileDirectoryQuery.empty())
    {
        FindFile(g_fileDirectoryQuery.front(), TargetFile);
        g_fileDirectoryQuery.pop();
    }
    if (g_fileDirectoryQuery.empty()) cout << "\n\nSearching End >_<...\n\nTotal-Result ==> Find " << g_reCount << " Files !\n" << endl;
    return;
}

int main(void)
{
    string strTargetFile = "";
    string strRootId = "";
    printf("Please input TargetFile:");
    cin >> strTargetFile;
    printf("Please input rootId:");
    cin >> strRootId;
    SearchFile(strRootId, strTargetFile);
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}