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day22-磁盘分区

day22-磁盘分区

作者: Diudiu_0588 | 来源:发表于2019-03-29 16:56 被阅读0次

    fdisk补充

    fdisk-Partition table manipulator for Linux
    Linux 下最常用的工具,一般是装完系统后进行分区。装系统之前的分区
    多数都是系统ISO里面的工具分,或者Raid里分小磁盘
    fdisk 只能root权限用户使用
    fdisk 适合于对装系统后的剩余空间进行分区,例如:安装系统时没有全部分区,或者安装系统后添加新的磁盘
    fdisk 支持MBR分区表(2T以内)

    fdisk实质

    用fdisk分区的实质,就是修改0磁头0磁道1扇区的前446字节之后留下的64字节分区表信息。
    可以使用fdisk分区的的磁盘大小必须小于2T,如果大于2T,分区就用parted(GPT分区)

    查看分区表

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/partitions 
    major minor  #blocks  name
    
      11        0    4481024 sr0
       8        0   20971520 sda
       8        1     204800 sda1
       8        2    2048000 sda2
       8        3   18717696 sda3
       8       16    1048576 sdb
       8       17     102400 sdb1
       8       18     102400 sdb2
    

    partprobe 将分区信息通知内核

    image.png

    parted 分区

    简述:parted 是一个磁盘分区工具
    他比fdisk更加灵活,功能也更加丰富,同时还支持GUID分区表(GUID Partition Table),这在IA64平台上管理磁盘时非常有用,它同时支持交互模式和非交互模式。他除了能够进行扥去的添加,删除常见操作外,还可以移动分区,制作文件系统,调整文件系统大小,复制文件系统。

    需求:RAID 5大小6T,已经装了系统额外添加四快盘

    硬盘分区大小: 6.2T
    /data0 4.8T
    /data1 1T
    4G (无需格式化,作为DRBD+Hearbeat+MySQL高可用集群)

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# parted  /dev/sdb #交互式分区
    GNU Parted 3.1
    Using /dev/sdb
    Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
    (parted) help  #查看命令帮助                                                           
      align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt)
            alignment
      help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND
      mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)
      mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition
      name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME
      print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]     display the partition table, available
            devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
      quit                                     exit program
      rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END
      
      resizepart NUMBER END                    resize partition NUMBER
      rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER
      select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit
      disk_set FLAG STATE                      change the FLAG on selected device
      disk_toggle [FLAG]                       toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
      set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
      toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
      unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT
      version                                  display the version number and copyright
            information of GNU Parted
    (parted) mklabel  gpt 创建新的分区表类型
    Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this
    disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
    Yes/No? yes                                                               
    (parted) p       #查看当前的分区表                                                         
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start  End  Size  File system  Name  Flags
    
    (parted)                                                                  
    (parted)                                                                  
    (parted) mkpart primary  0  100 #创建第一个主分区
    Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
    Ignore/Cancel? i                                                          
    (parted) p            #查看创建的分区                                                    
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
     1      17.4kB  100MB  100MB               primary      #创建的第一个分区
    
    (parted) mkpart primary  481  580       #创建第二个分区
    (parted) p                                                                
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start   End    Size    File system  Name     Flags
     1      17.4kB  100MB  100MB                primary
     2      481MB   580MB  98.6MB               primary
    
    (parted) mkpart lodic  581  600   #创建逻辑分区  ,单位M
    (parted) p           #最后分区结果                                                       
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start   End    Size    File system  Name     Flags
     1      17.4kB  100MB  100MB                primary
     2      481MB   580MB  98.6MB               primary
     3      581MB   600MB  18.9MB               lodic
    
    (parted) rm 3  #删除分区 3
    (parted) rm 2    #删除分区  2                                                        
    (parted) p                #查看分区                                                
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
     1      17.4kB  100MB  100MB               primary
    
    (parted) 
    
    一键分区
    parted  /dev/sdb mkladel gpt
    parted  /dev/sdb mkpart primary 0  480 I
    parted  /dev/sdb mkpart primary  481   580 I
    parted  /dev/sdb  p
    
    问题需要:刚买的服务器 4块2T 刚买,要做RAID 5 ,装系统怎么搞
    1. raid制作视频,raid里可以支持raid5后,允许你把6T分成虚拟磁盘
      200G分成第一个虚拟磁盘剩下的不分留着装系统
    2. 装系统,系统镜像支持GPT格式分区,很隐蔽
    3. 引导分区,进入然后用parted分区

    文件系统:

    什么是文件系统

    计算机存储和组织数据的方法或机制。落地式一个软件

    为什么需要文件系统

    磁盘属于物理介质、物理元素。硬件需要软件驱动使用,磁盘需要文件系统驱动。
    文件系统实现通过磁盘管理规划、存储数据

    文件系统有哪些类型?

    Windows :NTFS fat32 msdos
    Linux: ext2、ext3(c5)、ext4(c6)、Xfs(c7)、btrfs

    创建文件系统实践

    parted 中更改格式
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb
    GNU Parted 3.1
    Using /dev/sdb
    Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
    (parted) mklabel msdos                                             
    Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this
    disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
    Yes/No? y                                                                 
    (parted) p                                                                
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: msdos
    Disk Flags: 
    
    Number  Start  End  Size  Type  File system  Flags
    
    (parted) q                                                                
    Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
    
    

    创建文件系统核心(格式化ext4)其实关键就是生成一定数量的Inode和block

    mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=1024 (log=0)
    Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    25688 inodes, 102400 blocks
    5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=1
    Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504
    13 block groups
    8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
    1976 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
    
    Allocating group tables: done                            
    Writing inode tables: done                            
    Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 
    

    挂载:

    查看临时挂载
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h
    Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda3        18G  1.9G   17G  11% /
    devtmpfs        476M     0  476M   0% /dev
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs           487M  7.7M  479M   2% /run
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1       197M  105M   93M  54% /boot
    tmpfs            98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
    /dev/sdb1        93M  1.6M   85M   2% /mnt
    
    卸载挂载点
    umount /mnt
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h
    Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda3        18G  1.9G   17G  11% /
    devtmpfs        476M     0  476M   0% /dev
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs           487M  7.7M  479M   2% /run
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1       197M  105M   93M  54% /boot
    tmpfs            98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
    
    格式化xfs文件系统
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs.xfs  /dev/sdb2
    meta-data=/dev/sdb2              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=855, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
    
    挂载xfs sdb2
     mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2  /mnt
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h
    Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda3        18G  1.9G   17G  11% /
    devtmpfs        476M     0  476M   0% /dev
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs           487M  7.7M  479M   2% /run
    tmpfs           487M     0  487M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1       197M  105M   93M  54% /boot
    tmpfs            98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
    /dev/sdb2        97M  5.3M   92M   6% /mnt
    

    如何开机自动挂载?

    /etc/fstab 开机自动挂载
    UUID=03c35fa6-8fab-4192-82bf-998bb14fd954 /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
    UUID=06c07b41-5d88-47a0-9718-2d8d974440de /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
    UUID=6f37550b-7bf2-4735-9ced-961b548a13d9 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
    
    
    设备 挂载点 文件系统类型 默认挂载选项 是否备份 是否磁盘检查

    blkid查看硬件id:查看块设备属性

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# blkid
    /dev/sr0: UUID="2018-11-25-23-54-16-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
    /dev/sda1: UUID="06c07b41-5d88-47a0-9718-2d8d974440de" TYPE="xfs" 
    /dev/sda2: UUID="6f37550b-7bf2-4735-9ced-961b548a13d9" TYPE="swap" 
    /dev/sda3: UUID="03c35fa6-8fab-4192-82bf-998bb14fd954" TYPE="xfs" 
    /dev/sdb1: UUID="b7ba4457-1636-48bb-9211-e1928aeddb0f" TYPE="ext4" 
    /dev/sdb2: UUID="ee89f78b-c44f-45d5-a1a4-56d9544c25f8" TYPE="xfs"
    
    • 查看文件系统内部细节 :dumpe2fs #查看ext4 文件系统

    swap分区的作用

    1. 内存不够的时候充当内存使用
    2. 在工作中JAVA服务,内存泄漏,swap就会占用,操作系统性能下降
      free -m 查看内存使用量

    企业中如何选择文件系统

    如何优化文件系统

    分区知识

    (1)什么是分区,为什么要分区?
    (2)磁盘和分区在Linux里的命名。
    (3)磁盘分区类型和特点:
    (4)磁盘分区工作原理:
    (5)磁盘分区实战
    (6)生产场景分区方案:4种。参考前面课程

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