使用__slots__
限制实例的属性只允许对Student实例添加name和age
class Student(object):
__slots__ = ('name', 'age') # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称
使用__slots__要注意，__slots__定义的属性仅对当前类实例起作用，对继承的子类是不起作用的
>>> class GraduateStudent(Student):
... pass
...
>>> g = GraduateStudent()
>>> g.score = 9999
除非在子类中也定义__slots__，这样，子类实例允许定义的属性就是自身的__slots__加上父类的__slots__。
使用@property
class Student(object):
@property
def score(self):
return self._score
@score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
self._score = value
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.score = 60 # OK，实际转化为s.set_score(60)
>>> s.score # OK，实际转化为s.get_score()
60
>>> s.score = 9999
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!
多重继承
这么搞
class Dog(Mammal, RunnableMixIn, CarnivorousMixIn):
pass
定制类
__str__
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __str__(self):
return 'Student object (name=%s)' % self.name
__repr__ = __str__
>>> print(Student('Michael'))
Student object (name: Michael)
>>> s = Student('Michael')
>>> s
__iter__
class Fib(object):
def __init__(self):
self.a, self.b = 0, 1 # 初始化两个计数器a，b
def __iter__(self):
return self # 实例本身就是迭代对象，故返回自己
def __next__(self):
self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b # 计算下一个值
if self.a > 100000: # 退出循环的条件
raise StopIteration()
return self.a # 返回下一个值
>>> for n in Fib():
... print(n)
...
1
1
2
3
5
...
46368
75025
__getitem__
Fib实例虽然能作用于for循环，看起来和list有点像，但是，把它当成list来使用还是不行。
比如去第5个元素
class Fib(object):
def __getitem__(self, n):
a, b = 1, 1
for x in range(n):
a, b = b, a + b
return a
list有个神奇的切片方法,__getitem__()传入的参数可能是一个int，也可能是一个切片slice，所以判断
class Fib(object):
def __getitem__(self, n):
if isinstance(n, int): # n是索引
a, b = 1, 1
for x in range(n):
a, b = b, a + b
return a
if isinstance(n, slice): # n是切片
start = n.start
stop = n.stop
if start is None:
start = 0
a, b = 1, 1
L = []
for x in range(stop):
if x >= start:
L.append(a)
a, b = b, a + b
return L
这里没有对step参数做处理，也没有对非负数做处理，所以，要正确实现一个__getitem__()还有很多工作要做
__getattr__
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Michael'
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='score':
return 99
返回函数
class Student(object):
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='age':
return lambda: 25
只是调用方式要变为：
>>> s.age()
25
只有在没有找到属性的情况下，才调用__getattr__，已有的属性，比如name，不会在__getattr__中查找
任意调用如s.abc都会返回None，因为__getattr__默认返回就是None，要让class只显影特定的几个属性，我们要按照约定，抛出AttributeError的错误
class Student(object):
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='age':
return lambda: 25
raise AttributeError('\'Student\' object has no attribute \'%s\'' % attr)
链式调用
class Chain(object):
def __init__(self, path=''):
self._path = path
def __getattr__(self, path):
return Chain('%s/%s' % (self._path, path))
def __str__(self):
return self._path
__repr__ = __str__
>>> Chain().status.user.timeline.list
'/status/user/timeline/list'
__call__
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __call__(self):
print('My name is %s.' % self.name)
>>> s = Student('Michael')
>>> s() # self参数不要传入
My name is Michael.
通过callable()函数，我们就可以判断一个对象是否是“可调用”对象。
>>> callable(Student())
True
>>> callable(max)
True
>>> callable([1, 2, 3])
False
>>> callable(None)
False
>>> callable('str')
False
使用枚举类
Enum可以把一组相关常量定义在一个class中，且class不可变，而且成员可以直接比较。
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
value属性自动赋给成员的int常量，默认从1开始计数
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型，可以从Enum派生出自定义类
from enum import Enum, unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
@unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。
访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法：
>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
True
>>> Weekday(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat
使用元类
class Hello(object):
def hello(self, name='world'):
print('Hello, %s.' % name)
>>> from hello import Hello
>>> h = Hello()
>>> h.hello()
Hello, world.
>>> print(type(Hello))
<class 'type'>
>>> print(type(h))
<class 'hello.Hello'>
>>> def fn(self, name='world'): # 先定义函数
... print('Hello, %s.' % name)
...
>>> Hello = type('Hello', (object,), dict(hello=fn)) # 创建Hello class
>>> h = Hello()
>>> h.hello()
Hello, world.
>>> print(type(Hello))
<class 'type'>
>>> print(type(h))
<class '__main__.Hello'>
要创建一个class对象，type()函数依次传入3个参数：
class的名称；
继承的父类集合，注意Python支持多重继承，如果只有一个父类，别忘了tuple的单元素写法；
class的方法名称与函数绑定，这里我们把函数fn绑定到方法名hello上。
通过type()函数创建的类和直接写class是完全一样的，因为Python解释器遇到class定义时，仅仅是扫描一下class定义的语法，然后调用type()函数创建出class。
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