English vocabulary learning 14/1

1. mutate 英 [mjuːˈteɪt] 美 [ˈmjuːteɪt] vi. 变化，产生突变 vt. 改变，使突变

■同: alter, change, fluctuate, modify, shift, transfigure, transform, vary

■反: remain, stabilize, plateau

■e.g. Some chromosomes started to mutate after exposure to X-Rays. 经X光照射后部分染色体发生了变异

2. sunder 英 [ˈsʌndə(r)] 美 [ˈsʌndər] vt. 切开；切断 vi. 分离；断开

词根词缀: sun(PIE root: sen- apart)+der -> 分开

考点: vt.分裂，分离: to break apart or in two

■e.g. a city sundered by racial conflict 一个因种族冲突而分裂的城市

■同: disassociate, disconnect, disjoin, disunite, divide, part, rend, rive, separate, sever, unyoke

■反: bond, connect, join, link, unify, unite, yoke连接，结合

■派: asunder adv.分开地，分裂地

3. indict 英 [ɪnˈdaɪt] 美 [ɪnˈdaɪt] vt. 控告，起诉；[法] 揭发

词根词缀: in(en: in/make) + dict(declare) -> 进去说 -> 后引申为控告

vt.起诉，控告: to accuse of wrongdoing; charge

■e.g. indict the mayor for fraud and embezzlement.起诉市长受贿和挪用公款

■同: charge, criminate, impeach, incriminate

■反: absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

4. obligatory 英 [əˈblɪɡətri] 美 [əˈblɪɡətɔːri] adj. 义务的；必须的；义不容辞的

词根词缀: obligate(使负责义务)+ory(adj后缀) -> 强制性的; 义务的

ob(表示强调)+lig(帮助)+ate(v后缀) -> 强制绑住某人 -> 强制; 后引申为帮忙; 使感激等意思

adj.强制性的: of the nature of an obligation; compulsory

■e.g. obligatory military service 强制性的服军役

■同: compulsory, imperative, involuntary, peremptory, required

■反: discretionary, selective, elective, optional, voluntary 自由选择的，志愿的

adj.(见得多以至于)无聊的: used or heard so often as to be dull

■e.g. the obligatory cliff-hanger endings for season finales of TV shows 电视剧总是以恶俗的惊心动魄的结局作为完季

■同: banal, cliche, commonplace, hack, hackneyed, moth-eaten, musty, shopworn, stereotyped, threadbare, timeworn, trite, well-worn

■反: fresh, new, novel, original, uncliched, unhackneyed 新奇的