Python 字典
1. 概述
字典是另一种可变容器模型,且可存储任意类型对象。
字典的每个键值(key=>value)对用冒号(:)分割,每个对之间用逗号(,)分割,整个字典包括在花括号({})中 ,格式如下所示:
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5}
print(dict)#{'name': 'Jentle', 'age': 18, 'height': 182.5}
键必须是唯一的,但值则不必。
值可以取任何数据类型,但键必须是不可变的,如字符串,数字或元组。
一个简单的字典实例:
#键必须是不可变的,如字符串、数字或元组
tup1 = ("123",1,1.2)
dict = {"name":"Jentle",2:18,tup1:182.5}
print(dict[2])#18
print(dict[tup1])#182.5
如果用字典里没有的键访问数据,会输出错误如下:
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5}
print(dict["weight"])
#output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/Python/PythonCode/002PythonBasic/day002/00PythonNote.py", line 3, in <module>
print(dict["weight"])
KeyError: 'weight'
防止字典里没有键访问报错,可以用get方法
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5}
print(dict.get("weight",None))#output:None
2. 修改字典
向字典添加新内容的方法是增加新的键/值对,修改或删除已有键/值对如下实例:
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5}
dict["age"] = 19 #更新
dict["weight"] = 75 #添加
print ("dict['age']: ", dict['age'])
print ("dict['weight']: ", dict['weight'])
3. 删除字典元素
能删单一的元素也能清空字典,清空只需一项操作。
显式删除一个字典用del命令,如下实例:
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5}
print(dict) #{'name': 'Jentle', 'age': 18, 'height': 182.5}
del dict["age"]
print(dict) #{'name': 'Jentle', 'height': 182.5}
dict.clear() #清空字典
print(dict) #{}
del dict #删除字典
4. 字典键的特性
字典值可以是任何的 python 对象,既可以是标准的对象,也可以是用户定义的,但键不行。
两个重要的点需要记住:
- 1.不允许同一个键出现两次。创建时如果同一个键被赋值两次,后一个值会被记住,如下实例:
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
print(dict) #{'name': 'Jentle', 'age': 18, 'height': 182.5}
- 2.键必须不可变,所以可以用数字,字符串或元组充当,而用列表就不行,如下实例:
dict = {["name"]:"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
print("dict[]",dict["[name]"])
#output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/Python/PythonCode/002PythonBasic/day002/00PythonNote.py", line 2, in <module>
dict = {["name"]:"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
5. 字典内置函数&方法
序号 | 函数及描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
1 | len(dict)计算字典元素个数,即键的总数。 | >>> dict = {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} >>> len(dict) 3 |
2 | str(dict)输出字典,以可打印的字符串表示。 | >>> dict = {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} >>> str(dict)"{'Name': 'Runoob', 'Class': 'First', 'Age': 7}" |
3 | type(variable)返回输入的变量类型,如果变量是字典就返回字典类型。 | >>> dict = {'Name': 'Runoob', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}>>> type(dict)<class 'dict'> |
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
print(len(dict)) # 3
dictStr = str(dict)
print(dictStr)
dictType = type(dict)
print(dictType)
#fromkeys
seq = ('Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao')
dict = dict.fromkeys(seq)
print("dict.fromkeys(seq) : %s" % str(dict))#dict.fromkeys(seq) : {'Google': None, 'Runoob': None, 'Taobao': None}
dict = dict.fromkeys(seq, 10)
print("dict.fromkeys(seq, 10) : %s" % str(dict))#dict.fromkeys(seq, 10) : {'Google': 10, 'Runoob': 10, 'Taobao': 10}
#字典 get() 方法
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
value1 = dict.get("name","default")
value2 = dict.get("sex","未设置")
print("value1=",value1)#value1= Jentle
print("value2=",value2)#value2= 未设置
# 字典 items() 方法:以列表返回可遍历的(键, 值) 元组数组
dict = {"name":"Jentle","age":18,"height":182.5,"age":19}
v = dict.items()
print(type(v))#<class 'dict_items'>
print(v)#dict_items([('name', 'Jentle'), ('age', 19), ('height', 182.5)])
#遍历
for key,value in dict.items():
print(key,":\t",value)
'''
name : Jentle
age : 19
height : 182.5
'''
dict2 = {"weight":75,"address":"北京"}
dict.update(dict2)#方法没有任何返回值
print(dict)#{'name': 'Jentle', 'age': 19, 'height': 182.5, 'weight': 75, 'address': '北京'}
#删除字典给定键 key 所对应的值,返回值为被删除的值。
popObj = dict.pop("address")
print(popObj)#北京
6. 字典的遍历
字典支持for循环遍历,直接遍历字典得到的为字典的key
dict = {"a":"A","b":"B","c":"C"}
for i in dict:
print(i)
#output:
a
b
c
当然也可以通过for循环遍历字典的items来遍历键值对
for key,value in dict.items():
print(key,value)
#output:
a A
b B
c C
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