朗阁海外考试研究中心 吴微微
对比论证法，也称比较法，即把两种事物加以比较，对照，使结论映衬而出的论证方法。相信很多同学在雅思写作中听过这种论证方法。事实上，在雅思口语中，对比论证也是很多口语老师推崇的方法。此类论证方法可以作为雅思口语的加料剂，当考生没有具体的内容可以表达的时候，通过对比项的描述，话题内容将变得更佳丰富，且易于理解。
下面，针对对比论证，朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师将跟大家一起分享以下几个内容：
1. 什么时候用对比论证？
2. 雅思口语中有哪些对比项？
3．如何使用对比论证增加语料？
1. 什么时候用对比论证？
对比论证主要在出现明确对比项或者含有隐藏对比项的时候使用。因此，我们可以进行这样的归纳，雅思口语中的对比论证主要有两大类：显性对比和隐性对比。
显性对比即问题中有明确对比项的问题。当考官抛出的问题是针对两种事物，需要我们加以比较的话题，我们就可以使用对比论证。
通常，显性对比话题结构如下：
How are…different?
e.g. How is Chinese food different to western food?
What is the difference between …and …?
e.g. What’s the difference between service in big shops and small shops?
Which one do you prefer..?
e.g. Which one do you prefer, studying in the morning or studying in the afternoon?
Do you prefer …to …?
e.g. Do you prefer to travel by car or by train?
How does…compared with…?
e.g. How do people use computers these days compared with in the past?
Why…than….?
e.g. Why do children tend to be happier than adults?
隐性对比即问题中没有明确表明话题对比项，需要考生具有一定的敏感度，在作答时自行寻找对比项加以比较，从而进行更具体的表达。
大家可以通过以下问题来明确什么是隐性对比话题：
Why do boys tend to have better critical thinking skills? (girls)
What are the advantages of traveling with a group of people? (individual tour)
Why is it easy to make friends on the internet? (in reality)
Why do most children have a wild imagination? (adults)
因此，无论问题中有明确的对比项或是仅出现了对比项的一个方面，我们都可以尝试使用对比论证来增加口语表达的丰富度。
2. 雅思口语中有哪些对比项？
当然，很多考生同样疑虑的是：在短时间的问答过程中，特别对于隐性对比话题，要反应出口语对比项的难度是相当大的。要怎样才能很快的对于对比项作出反应，并且很自然的回答呢？
下面，朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师帮大家归纳了雅思口语考试中出现的高频对比项，大家可以通过提前熟悉对比项而加快回答时的反应速度。
1 Boys (skills; topics; rational) Girls (skills; topics; emotional)
2 Children Adults
3 Young people Old people
4 Man Woman
5 Past Now
6 Morning (study) Afternoon (study)
7 Chinese (food; festival) Western (food; festival)
8 Big (shop; company) Small (shop; company)
9 Internet Reality
10 Public (transport) Private (transport)
11 Modern (building) Traditional (building)
12 Long (trip) Short (trip)
13 City center Countryside
14 Handwriting Typing
15 Group (sport; tour) Individual (sport; tour)
16 Online (shopping) Offline (shopping)
17 Handwriting Typing
18 Outdoor (activity; game) Indoor (activity; game)
19 Paper (dictionary) Electronic (dictionary)
20 Old (buildings) New (buildings)
对于上述对比项，希望考生能够提前掌握，以此来增加答题速度和连贯度。
3. 如何使用对比论证增加语料？
了解了常用对比项后，我们来具体感受下如何使用对比论证来添加语料，增加话题的具体度。
通常显性对比论证可以使用如下的结构进行描述：
Well, obviously. There are a number of clear differences. To begin with, I guess that the most significant one would be that…A, however, B…
如近期口语考试中有这样一个Part 3问题：
What’s the difference between service in big shops and small shops?
运用上述结构，我们可以进行这样的描述：
Well, obviously. There are a number of clear differences. To begin with, I guess that the most significant one would be that when people go shopping in the big shopping mall, there would be shop assistants at different sections to direct you to purchase. However, in small stores, customers have to search the stuffs by themselves. Also, customers usually can enjoy high quality after sale service from the big stores while there is almost no such kind of service in small shops.
隐性对比的关键是把话题中涉及到的对比项一和隐性对比项二找出，并且进行对比描述。
隐性对比论证在很多不同类型的问题中都有涉及，因此它不具有固定的结构可以进行统一描述。重点是找出对比项，进行正反对照描述，以此来增加话题语料。
如下面的问题所示，有的考生尝试着就男孩和辩证思维进行讨论，但是很快就语塞了。如果能够及时找出对比项，把男孩女孩对比进行论证，那话题语料就能多出很多了。以下是朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师给出的一个回答，仅供大家参考。
Why do boys tend to have better critical thinking skills? (girls)
I would say that there is a wide range of factors contributes to this issue. One is that boys are usually considered to be more rational and logic than girls.（找出对比项） As a result, when it comes to a problem, they can take different factors into consideration. However, most of girls will think about problems in an emotional way. So in this case, we can draw the conclusion that they have better critical thinking skills.（对比论证）
以上内容希望大家能够在备考的时候有所使用，对比论证可以在雅思口语的第一和第三部分频繁出现，希望考生们能够引起重视，用比较对照之法来增加话题语料，提高口语表达的具体度，从而更自信地进行口语表达。
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