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整理Python常用方法以及技巧

整理Python常用方法以及技巧

作者: chenyuanyi | 来源:发表于2017-11-22 12:31 被阅读32次

    1.交换变量

    x = 6

    y = 5

    x, y = y, x

    print  x >>> 5

    print  y >>> 6

    2.if 语句在行内

    print "Hello" if True else "World" >>> Hello

    3.连接两个不同类型的对象

    nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]

    afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]

    print nfc + afc >>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots']

    print str(1) + " world" >>> 1 world

    print `1` + "world" >>> 1 world

    print 1, "world" >>> 1 world

    print nfc, 1 >>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1

    4.计算技巧

    # 向下取整 print 5.0//2  >>> 2

    # 2的5次方 print 2**5  >>> 32

    # 注意浮点数的除法

    print .3/.1 >>> 3.0

    print .3//.1 >>>  2.0

    5.数值比较

    x = 2 if 3 > x > 1: print x >>> 2

    x = 2  if 1 < x > 0: print x >>> 2

    6.两个列表同时迭代

    nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]

    afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]

    for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc):

    print teama + " vs. " + teamb

    输出结果:

    >>> Packers vs. Ravens

    >>> 49ers vs. Patriots

    7.带索引的列表迭代

    teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

    for index, team in enumerate(teams):

    print index, team

    输出结果:

    >>> 0 Packers

    >>> 1 49ers

    >>> 2 Ravens

    >>> 3 Patriots

    8.列表推导

    已知一个列表,筛选出偶数列表方法:

    numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

    even = []

    for number in numbers: if number%2 == 0:

    even.append(number)

    用下面的代替

    numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

    even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]

    9.字典推导

    teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

    print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)}

    >>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}

    10.初始化列表的值

    items = [0]*3

    print items >>> [0,0,0]

    11.将列表转换成字符串

    teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

    print ", ".join(teams) >>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'

    12.从字典中获取元素

    # 不要用下列的方式:

    data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}

    try:

    is_admin = data['admin']

    except KeyError:

    is_admin = False

    # 替换为:

    data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}

    is_admin = data.get('admin', False)

    13.获取子列表

    x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

    # 前3个 print x[:3] >>> [1,2,3]

    # 中间4个 print x[1:5] >>> [2,3,4,5]

    # 最后3个 print x[-3:] >>> [4,5,6]

    # 奇数项 print x[::2] >>> [1,3,5]

    # 偶数项 print x[1::2] >>> [2,4,6]

    14.好用的工具类

    # 集合(Counter库)

    from collections import Counter

    print Counter("hello") >>> Counter({'l': 2, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 'o': 1})

    # 迭代工具(collections库和itertools库)

    from itertools import combinations teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

    for game in combinations(teams, 2):

    print game

    输出结果:

    >>> ('Packers', '49ers')

    >>> ('Packers', 'Ravens')

    >>> ('Packers', 'Patriots')

    >>> ('49ers', 'Ravens')

    >>> ('49ers', 'Patriots')

    >>> ('Ravens', 'Patriots')

    补充:

    装饰器(decorator):在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式

    1.不仅会运行now()函数本身,还会在每次运行now()函数前打印日志

    # 定义一个能打印日志的decorator,作为一个decorator,它接受一个函数作为参数,并返回一个函数

    def log(func):

    def wrapper(*args, **kw):

    print('call %s():' % func.__name__)

    return func(*args, **kw)

    return wrapper

    #借助Python的@语法,把decorator置于函数的定义处。@log=》print_now = log(print_now)

    @log

    def print_now():

    print('2017-10-27')

    #输出结果

    >>> print_now()

    call print_now():

    2017-10-27

    由于log()是一个decorator,返回一个函数,所以,原来的print_now()函数仍然存在,只是现在同名的print_now变量指向了新的函数,于是调用print_now()将执行新函数,即在log()函数中返回的wrapper()函数。

    2.根据第一点的要求再加个要求:自定义log的文本

    def log(text):

    def decorator(func):

    def wrapper(*args, **kw):

    print('%s %s():' % (text, func.__name__))

    return func(*args, **kw)

    return wrapper

    return decorator

    # decorator用法如下:@log('execute') =》print_now = log('execute')(print_now)

    @log('execute')

    def print_now():

    print('2017-10-27')

    # 执行结果:

    >>> print_now()

    execute print_now():

    2017-10-27

    但是,还有改善的地方:当我们在print_now()函数打印函数的名字时,返回的函数名字就是'wrapper',所以,需要把原始函数的__name__等属性复制到wrapper()函数中,否则,有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错。这样我们只需要在定义wrapper()的前面加上@functools.wraps(func)即可。

    一个完整的decorator的写法如下:

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