Language Guide --- Collection Ty

swift主要提供了三种集合类型，只有Array是有序的。

Mutability of Collections

使用 var声明的集合就是可变的。如果集合是不变的，最后使用let，有利于编译器优化代码，代码可读性也高。

Arrays

array把一些类型相同的值存在一个有序列表里。

Array Type Shorthand Syntax

swift 的数组完整写法是 Array<Element>， Element是array中允许存储的值类型。也可以使用[Element]的方式来创建array，这种方式是首选的。

var someInts = [Int]()
print("someInts is of type [Int] with \(someInts.count) items.")
someInts.append(3)
someInts = []

Creating an Array with a Default Value

var threeDoubles = Array(repeating: 0.0, count: 3)
// threeDoubles is of type [Double], and equals [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]

Creating an Array with an Array Literal

var shoppingList: [String] = ["Eggs", "Milk"]
// shoppingList has been initialized with two initial items

var shoppingList = ["Eggs", "Milk"]

Accessing and Modifying an Array

使用array的属性、方法或下标语法来修改或者获取一个数组。

shoppingList.isEmpty
shoppingList.append("Flour")
shoppingList += ["Baking Powder"]
var firstItem = shoppingList[0]
shoppingList[0] = "Six eggs"
shoppingList.insert("Maple Syrup", at: 0)
let mapleSyrup = shoppingList.remove(at: 0)
shoppingList.removeLast()
shoppingList[4...6] = ["Bananas", "Apples"]

shoppingList 的第 5、6、7个string被 “Bananas” 和 “Apples” 这两个string代替了，总个数减一。

Iterating Over an Array

for item in shoppingList {
    print(item)
}

使用enumerated()方法遍历数组，得到的是下表和item组成的元组。

for (index, value) in shoppingList.enumerated() {
    print("Item \(index + 1): \(value)")
}

Sets

Set Type Syntax

与数组不同，set 没有[Element]语法（不能被编译器推测出类型），只能是 Set<Element>。

Creating and Initializing an Empty Set

var letters = Set<Character>()
print("letters is of type Set<Character> with \(letters.count) items.")
// Prints "letters is of type Set<Character> with 0 items."

letters.insert("a")
// letters now contains 1 value of type Character
letters = []
// letters is now an empty set, but is still of type Set<Character>

Creating a Set with an Array Literal

var favoriteGenres: Set<String> = ["Rock", "Classical", "Hip hop"]

虽软编译器不能退测出是Set类型，但是可以推测出Set内元素的类型。

var favoriteGenres: Set = ["Rock", "Classical", "Hip hop"]

Dictionary

swift中字典的keys类型相同，values也相同。

var namesOfIntegers = [Int: String]()
// namesOfIntegers is an empty [Int: String] dictionary

namesOfIntegers[16] = "sixteen"
// namesOfIntegers now contains 1 key-value pair。key = 16, value = "sixteen"
namesOfIntegers = [:]
// namesOfIntegers is once again an empty dictionary of type [Int: String]

var airports: [String: String] = ["YYZ": "Toronto Pearson", "DUB": "Dublin"]

airports["LHR"] = "London"
// the airports dictionary now contains 3 items

airports["LHR"] = "London Heathrow"
// the value for "LHR" has been changed to "London Heathrow"

if let oldValue = airports.updateValue("Dublin Airport", forKey: "DUB") {
    print("The old value for DUB was \(oldValue).")
}

updateValue(_:forKey:)方法，如果不存在key，假如；如果存在则更新，并返回旧值。所以这个方法的返回值类型是optional的。下标语法也有这种效果。

if let airportName = airports["DUB"] {
   print("The name of the airport is \(airportName).")
} else {
   print("That airport is not in the airports dictionary.")
}

value = nil 时候，是移除这个键值对。

airports["APL"] = nil
// APL has now been removed from the dictionary

也可以使用方法：

if let removedValue = airports.removeValue(forKey: "DUB") {
    print("The removed airport's name is \(removedValue).")
} else {
    print("The airports dictionary does not contain a value for DUB.")
}
// Prints "The removed airport's name is Dublin Airport."

字典的for-in 每个item是（key，value）元组。

for (airportCode, airportName) in airports {
    print("\(airportCode): \(airportName)")
}

也可以只看key或value

for airportCode in airports.keys {
    print("Airport code: \(airportCode)")
}

取字典的所有key或value，使用数组返回。

let airportCodes = [String](airports.keys)
// airportCodes is ["YYZ", "LHR"]