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作业-第05周--课堂-Day21-磁盘管理 -Ⅱ

作业-第05周--课堂-Day21-磁盘管理 -Ⅱ

作者: MineG | 来源:发表于2019-03-31 15:29 被阅读0次

    Day21 课堂笔记

    1. Raid介绍

    1.1 Raid的概念

    Raid是廉价冗余磁盘阵列(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk)的简称, 有时也简称磁盘阵列(Disk Array)。
    Raid是一种把多块独立的物理磁盘按不同的技术方式组合起来形成一个磁盘组,在逻辑上(做完Raid,装完系统后)看起来就是一块大的磁盘,可以提供比单个物理磁盘更大的存储容量或更高的存储性能,同时又能提供不同级别数据冗余备份的一种技术。

    1.2 Raid的级别(主要级别)

    Raid级别 关键优点 关键缺点 实际应用场景
    Raid 0 读写速度最快 没有任何冗余 MySQL Slave,集群的节点RS
    Raid 1 100%冗余,镜像 读写性能一般,成本高 单独的,数据重要且不能宕机的业务
    Raid 5 具备一定性能和冗余,可以坏一块盘,读性能不错 写入性能不高 一般的业务都可以用
    Raid 10/01 读写速度很快 成本高 性能和冗余要求都很好的业务,数据库主库和存储的主节点

    1.3 Raid技术分类

    1. 软RAID,系统层面实现的,性能差。

    2. 硬RAID,硬件层面实现的,性能好。
      主板板载RAID:功能弱,RAID 0,RAID 1
      独立RAID卡:功能强,RAID 0,RAID 1,RAID 5,RAID 10 (工作选择)。

    用Raid的最直接的好处是:

    • 1)提升数据安全性

    • 2)提升数据读写性能

    • 3)提供更大的单一逻辑磁盘数据容量存储

    1.4 常用Raid级别细节说明

    1.) Raid 0

    图:3块盘形成Raid 0 的结构图

    Raid 0的结构图

    应用场景:

    • 负载均衡集群下面的多个相同RS节点服务器

    • 分布式文件存储下面的主节点或CHUNK SERVER

    • MySQL主从复制的多个Slave服务器

    • 对性能要求很高,对冗余要求很低的相关业务

    2. )Raid 1

    图:2块盘形成Raid 1 的结构图


    Raid 1的结构图

    应用场景:

    • 存放重要数据,例如:
      服务器系统分区和对性能要求很高的数据库存储

    3.) Raid 5

    图:3块盘形成Raid 5 的结构图


    Raid 5的结构图

    采用奇偶校验的方式存储数据

    应用场景:

    • 文件与应用服务器

    • 数据库服务器

    • Web、E-mail以及新闻服务器

    4.) Raid 10

    图:4块盘形成Raid 10 的结构图


    Raid 10的结构图

    1.5 Dell R710使用6块盘实践Raid制作结论

    Raid 0: 支持1块盘到多块盘,容量是所有盘之和

    Raid 1:只支持2块盘,容量损失1块盘

    Raid 5:最少三快盘,不管硬盘数量多少,只损失一块盘

    Raid 6:最少4块盘,5块盘也可以,损失2块盘,不管硬盘多少,只损失两块盘容量

    Raid 10:最少4块盘,必须偶数硬盘,不管硬盘多少,都损失一半容量,不支持虚拟磁盘

    2. 磁盘分区

    2.1 什么是磁盘分区?

    磁盘分区就是相当于给磁盘打隔断

    2.2 磁盘和分区在Linux里的命名。

    • IDE 第一块hda、第二块hdb

    • SCSI 第一块sda、第二块sdb

    2.3 磁盘分区类型和特点。

    1. 主分区(primary)P
      1)系统中必须要存在的分区,系统盘选择主分区安装。
      2)数字编号只能是1-4.sda1、sda2、sda3、sda4。
      3)主分区最多四个,最少一个。

    2. 扩展分区(extend)E
      1)相当于一个独立的小磁盘。
      2)有独立的分区表。
      3)不能独立存在,即不能直接存放数据。
      4)必须在扩展分区上建立逻辑分区才能存放数据。
      5)占用主分区的编号(主分区+扩展分区)之和最多4个。
      6)扩展分区可以没有,最多只能有一个。

    3. 逻辑分区(logic)L
      2)数字编号只能是从5开始。
      3)存放于扩展分区之上。
      4)存放任意普通数据。

    4. 磁盘分区注意事项要点
      一块硬盘的分区方式只能为如下组合之一:
      (1)任意多个主分区,但要求1≤主分区数量≤4。
      例如:一个硬盘可以分为4个主分区3个主分区2个主分区或1个主分区。
      (2)扩展分区可以和主分区组合,但要求2≤(主分区+扩展分区)数量≤4)。
      例如:3个主分区+1个扩展分区或2个主分区+1个扩展分区或1个主分区+1个扩展分区。
      当总分区的数量大于4个的时候,必须提前分一个扩展分区,扩展分区最多只能有一个。
      (3)如果要分成四个磁盘分区的话,那么最多就是可以:
      P + P + P + P
      P + P + P + E
      2.4 磁盘分区工作原理。

    • 磁盘是按柱面分区的。

    • 磁盘分区登记的地点,磁盘分区表。

    • 磁盘分区表存放分区结果信息的。

    • 磁盘分区表位置,0磁道0磁头1扇区(512字节)

    • 占用1扇区的前446字节(系统引导信息的)后面的64字节(分区表),

    • 剩下2个字节分区结束标志。

    • 磁盘分区表的容量是有限的,64字节,一个分区固定占16字节。

    • 64/16=4分区(主分区+扩展分区)

    2.5 磁盘分区实战

    • 磁盘分区关键就是修改64字节的的分区表而已。

    • 磁盘分区常用命令fdisk,修改MBR分区表,MBR格式。

    • 缺陷,被修改的磁盘大小不能大于2T。

    • 磁盘分区其他命令parted,gpt分区格式,既能修改小于2T也能修改大于2T的磁盘。
      小于2T就用fdisk
      大于2T就用parted

    实践案例:

    1)fdisk 命令
    a、列出系统磁盘信息: fdisk -l

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk -l           
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    
    
    Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x000cd234
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sda1   *        2048      526335      262144   83  Linux
    /dev/sda2          526336     2099199      786432   82  Linux swap / Solaris
    /dev/sda3         2099200    41943039    19921920   83  Linux
    

    b、fdisk查看帮助

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb   #<==开始给sdb磁盘分区
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    Device does not contain a recognized partition table
    Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xbc9b0906.
    
    Command (m for help): m              <-->查看分区的帮助信息。
    Command action
       a   toggle a bootable flag
       b   edit bsd disklabel
       c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
       d   delete a partition            <-->删除一个分区。
       g   create a new empty GPT partition table
       G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
       l   list known partition types
       m   print this menu               <-->查看分区的帮助信息。
       n   add a new partition           <-->添加一个新分区。
       o   create a new empty DOS partition table
       p   print the partition table     <-->查看分区结果信息。
       q   quit without saving changes   <-->退出不保存。
       s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
       t   change a partition's system id
       u   change display/entry units
       v   verify the partition table
       w   write table to disk and exit  #<==保存并退出。
       x   extra functionality (experts only)
    
    Command (m for help): 
    

    c、开始分区实践:

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    Device does not contain a recognized partition table
    Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xbc9b0906.
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第1块主分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
       p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
    First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048): 
    Using default value 2048
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第2块主分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n          
    Partition type:
       p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
    First sector (309248-2097151, default 309248): 
    Using default value 309248
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (309248-2097151, default 2097151): +150m
    Unsupported suffix: 'm'.                           <-->严格区分大小写
    Supported: 10^N: KB (KiloByte), MB (MegaByte), GB (GigaByte)
                2^N: K  (KibiByte), M  (MebiByte), G  (GibiByte)
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (309248-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第3块主分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
       p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (3,4, default 3): 
    First sector (616448-2097151, default 616448): 
    Using default value 616448
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第4块主分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
       p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default e): p
    Selected partition 4
    First sector (923648-2097151, default 923648): 
    Using default value 923648
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (923648-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     1230847      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******无法分第5块主分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    If you want to create more than four partitions, you must replace a
    primary partition with an extended partition first.
    =================================================================
                    ******将第4块主分区删除******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): d
    Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4
    Partition 4 is deleted
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第4块扩展分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
       p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default e): e
    Selected partition 4
    First sector (923648-2097151, default 923648): 
    Using default value 923648
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (923648-2097151, default 2097151): 
    Using default value 2097151
    Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 573 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     2097151      586752    5  Extended
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第1块逻辑分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 5
    First sector (925696-2097151, default 925696): 
    Using default value 925696
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (925696-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p  
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     2097151      586752    5  Extended
    /dev/sdb5          925696     1232895      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ******开始分第2块逻辑分区******
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 7
    First sector (1544192-2097151, default 1544192): 
    Using default value 1544192
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1544192-2097151, default 2097151): +150M
    Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     2097151      586752    5  Extended
    /dev/sdb5          925696     1232895      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb6         1234944     1542143      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb7         1544192     1851391      153600   83  Linux
    =================================================================
                    ********保存并退出********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    

    此外,还可指定文件系统:

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    =================================================================
                    ********查看文件系统类型********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): l
    
     0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
     1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
     5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
     6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
     7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
     8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
     9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
     a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
     b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
     c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
     e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
     f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
    10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
    11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
    12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
    14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
    16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
    17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
    18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
    1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
    1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
    1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix   
       
    =================================================================
                    ********指定分区文件系统类型********
    =================================================================
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     2097151      586752    5  Extended
    /dev/sdb5          925696     1232895      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb6         1234944     1542143      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb7         1544192     1851391      153600   83  Linux
    
    Command (m for help): t
    Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7
    Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
    Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
    =================================================================
                    ********查看的结果********
    =================================================================
    Command (m for help): p     
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1            2048      309247      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb2          309248      616447      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb3          616448      923647      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb4          923648     2097151      586752    5  Extended
    /dev/sdb5          925696     1232895      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb6         1234944     1542143      153600   83  Linux
    /dev/sdb7         1544192     1851391      153600   8e  Linux LVM
    
    Command (m for help): 
    

    2)parted 命令(见《作业-第05周--课堂-Day22-磁盘管理 -Ⅲ》)

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