备份策略
- 完全备份:备份所有数据(单一或多个库、单一或多张表、整个数据库)
- 只备份更新数据:
- 差异备份:备份自完全备份后产生的数据
- 增量备份:备份自上次备份之后产生的数据
完全备份
命令格式
mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 > 路径/文件名.sql
mysql -u用户名 -p密码 < 路径/备份文件名.sql
备份示例
备份所有库
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com --all-databases > dbbackup/alldb.sql
或
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com -A > dbbackup/alldb.sql
# 拷贝文件到目标服务器
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r dbbackup root@192.168.4.20:/root/
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com < dbbackup/alldb.sql
备份某一个库
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com test2021 > dbbackup/tedu_db.sql
# 拷贝文件到目标服务器
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r dbbackup root@192.168.4.20:/root/
# 删除库,以便测试结果
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com
mysql> drop database test2021;
mysql> CREATE DATABASE my_db DEFAULT CHARSET utf8mb4;
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com test2021 < dbbackup/tedu_db.sql
备份某一张表
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com test2021 salary > dbbackup/test2021_salary.sql
# 拷贝文件到目标服务器
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r dbbackup root@192.168.4.20:/root/
# 清空表,以便测试结果
mysql> use test2021;
mysql> truncate salary;
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com tedu_db < dbbackup/test2021_salary.sql
备份某多个库
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com -B test2021 mysql > dbbackup/twodb.sql
# 拷贝文件到目标服务器
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r dbbackup root@192.168.4.20:/root/
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com my_db < dbbackup/twodb.sql
备份多张表
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com test2021 employees salary > dbbackup/test2021_employees_salary.sql
# 拷贝文件到目标服务器
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r dbbackup root@192.168.4.20:/root/
# 清空表,以便测试结果
mysql> truncate salary;
mysql> delete from employees;
[root@node20 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com test2021 < dbbackup/test2021_employees_salary.sql
增量备份
binlog日志
binlog日志概述
- 也叫做二进制日志
- 它是MySQL服务日志文件的一种
- 默认没有启用
- 记录除查询之外的所有SQL命令
- 可用于数据的备份和恢复
- 它是MySQL主从同步的必要条件
启用binlog日志
配置项 |
用途 |
server_id=数字 |
指定服务器id值(1-255) |
log-bin/log_bin=目录/文件名 |
启用binlog日志 |
max_binlog_size=数值m |
日志文件容量,默认1GB |
[root@node10 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server_id = 10
log-bin
... ...
[root@node10 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
# 查看结果
[root@node10 ~]# mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com
mysql> show master status;
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| node10-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/node10-bin.*
/var/lib/mysql/node10-bin.000001 /var/lib/mysql/node10-bin.index
手动创建binlog日志文件
- binlog文件默认存在/var/lib/mysql目录下
- 也可以手工进行修改
# 创建用于保存日志文件的目录
[root@node10 ~]# mkdir /mybinlog
[root@node10 ~]# chown mysql:mysql /mybinlog/
# 修改配置文件
[root@node10 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server_id = 10
log-bin = /mybinlog/mylog
... ...
# 验证
[root@node10 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000001 mylog.index
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 154 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 方法一:重启mysqld服务
[root@node10 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000001 mylog.000002 mylog.index
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000002 | 154 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 方法二:flush指令
mysql> flush logs;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000003 | 154 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000001 mylog.000002 mylog.000003 mylog.index
# 方法三:备份时刷新日志
[root@node10 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pNSD2021@tedu.cn --flush-logs nsd2021 > dbbackup/nsd2021_full.sql
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000001 mylog.000002 mylog.000003 mylog.000004 mylog.index
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000004 | 154 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除已有binlog日志
# 删除mylog.000003(不包含)之前的日志
mysql> purge master logs to "mylog.000002";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000003 mylog.000004 mylog.index
# 删除所有日志,重新新日志
mysql> reset master;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 154 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# ls /mybinlog/
mylog.000001 mylog.index
binlog日志内容
通过binlog日志修改数据库
mysql> use test2021;
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES ('sales1');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES ('sales2');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES ('sales3');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES ('sales4');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> show master status;
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 1274 | | | |
+--------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# mysqlbinlog /mybinlog/mylog.000001
# 将binlog日志拷贝到目标主机
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r /mybinlog 192.168.4.20:/root
# 在目标主机上执行一遍binlog日志
[root@node20 ~]# mysqlbinlog mybinlog/mylog.000001 | mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com
修改binlog记录格式
- binlog日记记录方式
- row:行模式
- statement:行模式
- mixed:混合模式
mysql> show variables like 'binlog_format';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| binlog_format | ROW |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@node10 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server_id = 10
log-bin = /mybinlog/mylog
binlog_format = "mixed"
... ...
[root@node10 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
mysql> show variables like 'binlog_format';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| binlog_format | MIXED |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
# 修改数据
mysql> use test2021;
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES('sales5');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO departments(dept_name) VALUES('sales6');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
# 查看日志
[root@node10 ~]# mysqlbinlog /mybinlog/mylog.000002
通过binlog日志修改指定范围内的数据
mysql> delete from departments where dept_name like 'sales_';
[root@node10 ~]# rsync -r /mybinlog 192.168.4.20:/root
- 在目标主机上查看日志,找到要恢复数据的起始和结束偏移量
# 读取日志,找到插入sales5日志上面的at偏移量作为起始值,找到插入sales6日志下面的COMMIT之后的at偏移量作为结束值
[root@node20 ~]# mysqlbinlog mybinlog/mylog.000002
[root@node20 ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=328 --stop-position=810 mybinlog/mylog.000002 | mysql -uroot -pTEST2021@guodong.com
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