Python pip 安装与使用

• pip 是 Python 包管理工具，该工具提供了对 Python 包的查找、下载、安装、卸载的功能。
• Python 2.7.9 + 或 Python 3.4+ 以上版本都自带 pip 工具。pip 官方地址
• 通过以下命令来判断是否已安装：

pip --version     # Python2.x 版本命令
pip3 --version    # Python3.x 版本命令

/ # pip3 -V        # pip -V 也可以
pip 21.1.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip (python 3.9)

• 如果未安装，可以使用以下方法来安装：

curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py        # 下载安装脚本
python get-pip.py        # 运行安装脚本。

• 部分 Linux 发行版可直接用包管理器安装 pip，如 Debian 和 Ubuntu：

sudo apt-get install python-pip

• 常用命令

/ # pip help

Usage:   
  pip <command> [options]

Commands:
  install                     Install packages.
  download                    Download packages.
  uninstall                   Uninstall packages.
  freeze                      Output installed packages in requirements format.
  list                        List installed packages.
  show                        Show information about installed packages.
  check                       Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
  config                      Manage local and global configuration.
  search                      Search PyPI for packages.
  cache                       Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
  wheel                       Build wheels from your requirements.
  hash                        Compute hashes of package archives.
  completion                  A helper command used for command completion.
  debug                       Show information useful for debugging.
  help                        Show help for commands.

General Options:
  -h, --help                  Show help.
  --isolated                  Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
  -v, --verbose               Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
  -V, --version               Show version and exit.
  -q, --quiet                 Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
  --log <path>                Path to a verbose appending log.
  --no-input                  Disable prompting for input.
  --proxy <proxy>             Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
  --retries <retries>         Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
  --timeout <sec>             Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
  --exists-action <action>    Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort.
  --trusted-host <hostname>   Mark this host or host:port pair as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.
  --cert <path>               Path to PEM-encoded CA certificate bundle. If provided, overrides the default. See 'SSL Certificate Verification' in pip documentation
                              for more information.
  --client-cert <path>        Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the certificate in PEM format.
  --cache-dir <dir>           Store the cache data in <dir>.
  --no-cache-dir              Disable the cache.
  --disable-pip-version-check
                              Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index.
  --no-color                  Suppress colored output.
  --no-python-version-warning
                              Silence deprecation warnings for upcoming unsupported Pythons.
  --use-feature <feature>     Enable new functionality, that may be backward incompatible.
  --use-deprecated <feature>  Enable deprecated functionality, that will be removed in the future.

• 显示版本和路径

pip --version      # or pip -V

• 获取帮助

pip --help

• 升级 pip

pip install -U pip

• 如果这个升级命令出现问题 ，可以使用以下命令：

sudo easy_install --upgrade pip

• 安装包

pip install SomePackage              # 最新版本
pip install SomePackage==1.0.4       # 指定版本
pip install 'SomePackage>=1.0.4'     # 最小版本

• 安装 Django。用以下的一条命令就可以，方便快捷。

pip install Django==1.7

• 升级包

pip install --upgrade SomePackage

• 升级指定的包，通过使用 ==， >= ， <= ， > ， < 来指定一个版本号。

• 卸载包

pip uninstall SomePackage

• 搜索包

pip search SomePackage

• 显示安装包信息

pip show 

• 查看指定包的详细信息

pip show -f SomePackage

• 列出已安装的包

pip list

• 查看可升级的包

pip list -o

pip 升级

• Linux 或 macOS

pip install --upgrade pip    # python2.x
pip3 install --upgrade pip   # python3.x

• Windows 平台升级：

python -m pip install -U pip   # python2.x
python -m pip3 install -U pip    # python3.x

• pip 清华大学开源软件镜像站
  使用国内镜像速度会快很多：
• 临时使用：

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple some-package

• 例如，安装 Django：

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple Django

• 如果要设为默认需要升级 pip 到最新的版本 (>=10.0.0)后进行配置：

pip install pip -U
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

• 如果您到 pip 默认源的网络连接较差，临时使用本镜像站来升级 pip：

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple pip -U