数据清洗是数据分析中最为繁杂头疼的部分。
字符串清洗
R自带函数
grep,grepl和regexpr是R自带的三个字符串匹配函数。
grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, value = FALSE,
fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE, invert = FALSE)
grepl(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE,
fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
sub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE,
fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
regexpr(pattern, text, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE,
fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
grep返回符合pattern匹配的元素的下标,默认是integer;
grepl返回符合pattern匹配的逻辑值,class为logical;
sub返回和输入长度一致的string,但将符合匹配的pattern替换为replacement。
regexpr返回和输入长度一致的integer vector,指出每个元素中匹配pattern字符的起始位置,如无匹配则返回-1
stringr包
stringr提供了一系列的wrapper,能够更好地操作字符串。
modifier functions
需要指出的是,stringr中的pattern默认是正则表达式(即regex)。如果要进行修改的话,stringr给出了4种modifier functions。ignore_case为是否忽略大小写的开关。
fixed:Compare literal bytes in the string. This is very fast, but not usually what you want for non-ASCII character sets.
fixed(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE)
coll:Compare strings respecting standard collation rules.
coll(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE, locale = "en", ...)
regex:The default. Uses ICU regular expressions.
regex(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE, multiline = FALSE, comments = FALSE,
dotall = FALSE, ...)
boundary:Match boundaries between things.
boundary(type = c("character", "line_break", "sentence", "word"),
skip_word_none = NA, ...)
str_detect (grepl)
str_detect()相当于grepl,返回逻辑vector。pattern可以是一个vector
str_detect(string, pattern)
> fruit <- c("apple", "banana", "pear", "pinapple")
> str_detect(fruit, "^a")
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> str_detect("aecfg", letters[1:6])
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
str_split(strsplit)
str_split相当于R自带的strsplit。接受string输入,返回分拆后的list。如果确认返回后长度一致,可以改为str_split_fixed,这样会返回一个matrix。
str_split(string, pattern, n = Inf, simplify = FALSE)
str_split_fixed(string, pattern, n) #n为返回结果的长度
str_count
str_count输出pattern的计数,也就是一个interger vector。pattern默认为空字符串。
str_count(string, pattern = "")##
> str_count(fruit)
[1] 5 6 4 8
> str_count(fruit, c("a", "b", "p", "p"))
[1] 1 1 1 3 #注意vector运算的法则!
str_replace(sub)
str_replace相当于R自带的sub,它只替换每个string中每个元素内部第一个匹配。而str_replace_all则替换全部匹配。
str_replace(string, pattern, replacement)
str_replace_all(string, pattern, replacement)
> str_replace(fruit, "[aeiou]", "-")
[1] "-pple" "b-nana" "p-ar" "p-napple"
> str_replace_all(fruit, "[aeiou]", "-")
[1] "-ppl-" "b-n-n-" "p--r" "p-n-ppl-"
str_replace_na函数是一个特殊的wrapper,能将NA转换为字符串‘NA’
str_replace_na(string, replacement = "NA")
> str_replace_na(c(NA, "abc", "def"))
[1] "NA" "abc" "def"
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