SECTION Ⅰ
Ⅰ. 冠词
- 名词的泛指、特指和类指常见用法
泛指： a/an + 可数名词单数 （此时不定冠词通常可译为“一个” ）
特指：the + 名词
类指：1. a/an + 可数名词单数（此时不定冠词不可译为“一个” ）
ex. 压力的增加总是引起体积(volume)的减小。
`An` increase of /in pressure always causes `a` decrease of /in volume. [a volume decrease]
2. 零冠词+可数名词复数
ex. 钨(Tungsten)就是用在电灯泡(bulb)里的那种金属
Tungsten is the very metal used in bulbs. [ a bulb]
3. 零冠词+物质名词（属于不可数名词）
- 冠词的特殊用法
(1) 省略冠词的场合
① `图示标题`中
图2－1 典型数字计算机的方框图
`Fig. 2-1` Block diagram of typical digital computers.
② `术语`和`抽象名词`的定义中
速度是涉及大小和方向的矢量。
`Velocity` is `a` vector quantity involving both `magnitude` and `direction`.
③ 使用非常`宽泛的泛指`时
`Experiment` indicates that Ohm’s law holds only for metallic conductors.
=It is shown by experiment that…
④ 解释等式、方程和表达式中的参数时
S = vt.
where S = distance
V = velocity
t = time
(2) 表示单位的名词前必须使用定冠词
电阻的单位是欧姆。
The unit of resistance is `the` ohm.
(3). 某些冠词的特殊位置
☆ all\both\half ＋ the + n.
☆ how (多么)\so (如此)\as … (as)\too (大) + adj. + a/an + n.
ex. 这个实验室里的设备都是国产的。
`All the` devices in this laboratory are home-made.
ex. 这是一台如此灵敏的仪器以至于它能测出压力的微弱变化。
This is `so sensitive an instrument` that it can measure the slight change in/of pressure.
ex. 中国有数倍于法国那么大的面积。
China has several times `as large an area` as France.
(4). 在表达 “……一下；作一……”时, 抽象名词或不可数名词前用不定冠词a
- We shall start with `a study` of forces.
- The Laplace transforms for various time functions are readily obtainable through `a direct application` of Eq.(2.5).
- The design of the linear feed back control systems requires `a knowledge` of some aspects of information theory.
ex. 对该电路作一定量分析是相当困难的。
`A` quantitative `analysis` of this circuit is rather difficult.
ex. 现在人们越来越认识到这一方法是很有价值的。
There is `a` growing `awareness` that this technique is of great value.
ex. 本文简要而定性的讨论了一些基本概念。
`A` brief qualitative `discussion` of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.
Independent Work
1、对系统的控制是一门跨学科的科目。
`The` control of systems is `an` interdisciplinary subject.
2、速度等于距离与时间之比。
`Speed` is equal to `the` ratio of `distance` to `time`.
3、图5－1 Q点对晶体管工作的影响。
Figure 5-1 Effect of Q-point on operation of transistor
4、论文对其性能做了初步的分析。
`An` initial analysis of its performance has been made in this paper.
5、理解二进制数字系统（binary number systems)的基础是要熟悉（一下）2的各次幂(power)。
Basic to understanding the binary number systems is `a` familiarity with the powers of 2.
II. 连词( and / or / but)
And 的用法
通常模式: A(,) and B
A, B(,) and C
A, B, C(,) and D
强调模式: A and B and C and D
常见使用错误:
A, B
A、B、C
A，B，C
Ⅱ 数词NUMERALS
1). 分数和小数表达法
(1) 常规方法
7/9 seven ninths
1/2 a (one) half
零点几伏 a few/several tenths of a volt
ex. 这个元件上的电流为零点零几安
The current through this component is `a few hundredths of an ampere`.
(2) 特殊表达方式
百万分之三 3 parts per (in a) million
in 10^6 读作 in ten to the sixth power
或 in the sixth power of ten
千分之七 seven parts per (in a ) thousand
in 10^3
ex. 这两个参数之差为百万分之十九
These two parameters differ by `19 parts in a million`.
2). 数词做前置修饰语 Numerals as pre-modifier
{倍数} \ {分数} + {the + 名词} \ {that of … } \ {what 从句}
ex.
1.1 This voltage is `80 times` `the` signal applied to the amplifier.
1.2 The voltage across this resistor is `two fifths` `the` total voltage. 该电阻器上的电压为总电压的五分之二。
2. Its speed is `three tenths` `that of` light.
3. This current is `two fifths` `what` it was.
3). 表达倍数增长特殊句型的翻译技巧
n times + 比较级 = n times as + 原级 + as
ex.这根导线比那根长四倍。
This wire is five times longer than that one.
ex.该数值约比理想值大3.5倍。
This value is nearly 4.5 times greater than the ideal one.
ex. 这个系数比那个小九倍。
This coefficient is 10 time less than that one.
This coefficient is a factor of 10 less than that one.
Independent work
1、十年前我校的学生数仅为现在的三分之一。
The number of students in our university ten years ago was only `one-third what` it is now.
2、这台计算机所存储的信息是那台的三倍。
This computer stores `three times` as much information as `that` one.
… three times more information than …
3、必须确定解出这个难题需要多长的时间。
It is necessary to determine how long (a time) it takes to solve this difficult problem.
Ⅲ 介词PREPOSITIONS
介词的常见用法及意义
1. by
> `By Ohm’s law,` we can get the following expression.
> In this case v and i differ in phase `by 90°` .
> `By an examination` of the performance of this device, we can see its features.
2. for
> `For x>1`, this equation does not hold.
> It is necessary to `solve the equation for x`.
3. With
- with + some abstract nouns (care\ skill\ difficulty\ precision\ accuracy\ ease)
> These experiments should be done `with care`. 这些实验应仔细地做。
> `With a telescope`, one can see objects far away.
> This parameter shall be measured `with Ep grounded`.
4. In
> Capacitance is measured in farads and frequency `in hertz`.
> A diode conducts only `in one direction`.
> The wave will be back `in a fraction of a second`.
> `In our discussion of differential equations`, we shall restrict our attention to equations of the first degree.
5. On (upon)
> `Upon rearranging Eq.(1.5)`, we have the following equation.
ex.
1. This book is ______ to electronic engineers.(极有帮助) -> of great help
2. ____, Chapter 3 is the most important.（在前四章中）-> Of the 4 chapters
3. This problem can be solved ____.（很容易）-> with (much) ease
4. In this case, current leads voltage ____. (前导90° ) -> by 90°
5. ____, there is no solution to the equation.(若x>0) -> Fox x>0
6. Now it is necessary for us to solve this equation ____.(求出那个未知数) -> for the unknown.
7. ____, it is found that v is equal to the velocity of light . (把这些值代入后) -> Upon substituting these values
8. These waves travel only ____.(只朝一个方向) -> in one direction
9. ______, physicists define electric field intensity.(在研究电学时) -> In the/their study of electronics
Independent work
1、在这些（式子）中，只有式（12－5）会引起问题。
`Of these equations`, only Eq. 12.5 will cause problems.
2、在我们讨论这一课题时，我们将注意力限于其基本原理上。
`In our discussion of this subject`, we shall restrict our attention to its basic principles.
3、一旦加上合适的控制信号后，该触发器（flip-flop）就将改变储存的信息。
`Upon the application of proper control signal`, the flip-flop will change the stored information.
4、这缓冲器（buffer）能提供4mA的输出驱动电流。
This buffer can supply an output drive current `of 4 mA`.
5、我们借助于电场（electric field）这一概念描述电荷之间的相互作用。
We describe interaction among charges `with the help of the concept of electric field`.
6、现在必须从式（4－10）求出t来。
Now it is necessary to solve equation (4-10) `for t`.
E/C translation of the prepositional phrases.
1. This type of computer has many advantages `over` that type.
2. This parameter varies [changes] `with` temperature.
3. This is a sufficient and necessary condition `for` solving [the solution of] the equation.
4. We will find out its average velocity `over` this distance.
5. This paper introduces a new method `for` measuring this parameter.
6. This circuit is similar `in operation` to that of Fig. 1-10.
7. This is due `in part` to the earth’s rotation.
Ⅴ 副词 adverb
副词做后置修饰语as a post-modifier
> above, below, here, there, around, nearby…
`那里的`压力达到了如此大的数值以至于会产生灾难。
The pressure `there` has reached so great a value that a disaster will take place.
> now, then, today, tomorrow…
`现在的`问题是要确定电流的大小(magnitude) 。
The problem `now` is to determine the magnitude of the current.
`相距40cm的`两本书静放在一张桌子上。
Two books `forty centimeters apart` lie stationary on a table.
这些数据将输送到`三英里外的`计算中心。
These data will be sent to the computing center `three miles away`.
Ⅵ. 形容词adjective
- 形容词做后置修饰语
> obtainable, achievable, possible…
`现有的`化学书均提到了这一反应。
The chemistry books `available` all mention this reaction.
一个原子中的质子数等于`存在的`电子数。
The number of protons in an atom is equal to that of electrons `present`.
现在计算机并不是什么`神秘的`东西了。
Now computers are not something `mysterious`.
有许多问题有待解决，既有技术问题，也有财政问题。
There are many problems, both `technological` and `financial`, that remain to be solved.
每个物体，`不论大小`，都具有引力。
Every object, `large or small`, possesses gravitation.
图5画出了两条`10厘米长`的平行线。
Figure 5 shows two parallel lines `10 cm long`.
- 形容词短语的功能
(1) 做后置修饰语 post-modifier
大于任何数的一个量被称为无穷大(infinity) 。
A quantity `greater than any number` is called infinity.
所有这些方程都可以用类似于上面所述的方法来解。
All these equations can be solved in the way (by the method) `similar to` that described above.
(2) 做状语 adverbial
由于这设备`体积小、重量轻`，在部队很受欢迎。
`Small in size and light in weight`, this device is warmly received in the army (armed forces).
> 常做状语的形容词短语（perpendicular to \ normal to \ vertical to \ parallel to \ similar to \ proportional to）
该力`垂直`于地球表面起作用。
This force acts `perpendicular/ vertical/ normal` to the surface of the earth.
E/C (adj. and adv.)
1. The answer (key) to this problem `looks` (appears) `correct`.
2. The force acts `perpendicular to` the surface of the table.
3. `Accurate in operation` and `high in speed`, computers have found wide applications.
4. Upon rearranging the equation `above`, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.
5. The charge is moving `parallel to` the electric field. 形容词短语做状语
Ⅵ. 代词所有格 possessive pron.
水和二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）属于能吸收红外线（infrared)的物质。它们在大气中的存在产生了隔离效应。
Water and carbon dioxide are among [belong to;are] substances that (can) absorb the infrared. `Their presence` in the atmosphere has [produces; gives] an insulating effect.
由于反馈在电子线路中起着重要作用，所以对它的研究很重要。
Because feed back plays an important role in electric circuit, `its study` is of great importance.
Ⅶ. 名词noun
1. 表达大小的名词短语充当后置修饰语
ex. 这辆警车装备了一台砖头大小的袖珍接收机。
The police car is equipped with a portable receiver `the size of a brick`.
2. 不带冠词的单个名词充当状语
ex. 小型电子设备通常由电池供电(power)。
Small electronic equipment is often `battery powered`.
ex. 在这种情况下，必须对该设备进行水冷却。
In this case, it is necessary to `water cool` this device.
3. 名词和介词的搭配
ex. 雷达对普通视觉的优越性在于可以通过雷达看到的距离更大。
`The superiority of radar to ordinary vision` lies in the greater distances at which seeing is possible with radar.
ex. 这个力与该物体离地心的距离的平方成反比。
This force decreases [falls] inversely with [is inversely proportional to] the square of `the distance of the body from the earth’s center`.
4. 句尾的名词短语充当前面整句的同位语
ex. 要做到这一点，就需要把一切情况都考虑进去；这一步骤是十分复杂的。
Doing this needs to take everything into consideration [account], `a very complex process` .
ex. 汽车在加速时会前倾，这是一种熟悉的现象。
The car noses up when it accelerates, `a familiar effect`.
5. 较长的主语同位语通常放在主句之前
ex. 西安电子科技大学是全国重点大学之一，它创建于1931年。
`One of the national key universities`, Xidian University was founded in 1931.
ex. 测量过程是物理学中最基本的操作，它在本章将简要地加以讨论。
`The most fundamental operation in physics`, the process of measurement will be discussed briefly in this chapter.
E/C (noun)
1. This police car is equipped with a receiver `the size of` a matchbox. 表达大小的名词短语充当后置修饰语
2. This device is `water resistant`. 不带冠词的单个名词充当状语
3. The current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage, `something [a fact]` that was verified experimentally by Ohm.
4. This law applies to bodies `the speed of a rocket`.
5. We must `frequency` modulate it. 我们必须对其进行频率调制
Independent work
1. 下面举几个例子以便于说明如何使用这个表达式。
Here are a few examples to show how this expression is used.
2. 这电路主要由五个元件构成的。
This circuit consists mainly of five components.
3. 这压力只是由液体的重量产生的。(due to )
This pressure is `due` only `to` the weight of the liquid.
4. 这滤波器的响应特性（response characteristic）等效于维恩电桥。
The response characteristic of this filter is `equivalent to` that of the Wien bridge. 形容词短语做后置修饰语 post-modifier
5. 这个电路的工作情况类似于图1－10的电路。
This circuit is `similar` in operation `to` the circuit of Fig.1-10. 形容词短语做后置修饰语 post-modifier
6. 试求该球10秒后的速度。
Find the velocity of the ball 10s later.
Independent work
1、人体是由`大大小小`无数结构构成的。(using an adjective phrase to express the underlined part)
The human body is made up of numerous structures `large and small`.
2、这台计算机的速度`由于它使用了继电器(relay)`而受到了限制。（using a prepositional phrase to express the underlined part）
This computer was limited in speed `by its use of relays`.
3、他们使用了`与卡车同宽`的一些厚木板(plant)。（using a noun phrase to express the underlined part ）
They used plants `the width of the truck`.
4. 如果这关系式成立的话，我们就会得到一个负的电流，`这种情况是不可能的`。
If this relation were to hold, we would get a negative current, `an impossible situation`.
5. `色谱法（chromatography）是一种非常有效的分离方法`，它已得到了广泛的应用。
`A very effective separation method`, chromatography is widely used.
6. 一块`15m长`的厚木板放在`相距8m`的两个支座(support)上。
A plant `15 meter long` is put on 2 supports `8 meters apart`.
A `15-meter-long` plant is put on 2 supports `8 meters apart`.
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