3.6.动词的词形变化(conjugation)
动词的词形变化是按照动词的各种文法格式施行的变化的系统化排布。
3.6.1 动词词形变化分类
动词有两种词形变化，规则和不规则。
这两种格式通过组成过去时态(陈述语气)和过去分词加以区别。
I. 规则动词(regular verb)——规则动词的过去式和过去分词的通过将后缀ed加入动词的根词上而形成(说成加入后缀d到根词可能更准确，以过去式为例，要么是只有后缀d单独加入根词(例如，loved，saved)，或者，当加入ed时，这个e的用途只是为了听起来更悦耳，所以词尾没有e时，添加一个e再加入d)：例如，（根词）love；(过去式)loved；(过去分词)loved。
II. 不规则动词(irregular verb)——不规则动词，指其过去式或过去分词，或者两者，都不是通过将后缀ed加入根词而形成：例如，(根词)take；(过去式)took；(过去分词)taken。
(注意：动词称为“不规则”，不是因为它用于表示过去式和过去分词的任何格式与假设的规则或者常用的方法相背离，而是因为产生这些成份的词形变化方法无规则可循，不能归整为一个方法。)
动词的词形变化是按照动词的各种文法格式施行的变化的系统化排布。
3.6.2 动词词形变化的主要内容
动词词形变化的主要内容有：
I. 当前陈述语气的时态；
II. 过去陈述语气的时态;
III. 过去分词。
3.6.3 辅助动词的词形变换
辅助动词有：be，do，have，shall，will，can，may和must.
I. Be，do，will和have除了作为辅助动词(auxiliary或helping)，本身也是主要动词，因此，具有完全的词形变换。下面给出的部分，仅是作为辅助动词的词形变换。
II. Shall，may，can和must仅作为辅助动词，是不完全词形变换词。
III. 不需要使用辅助动词实现词形变换的语态和语气：主动语态，陈述语气和虚拟语气的当前时态和过去时态，祈使语气。被动语态完全是借助辅动动词to be完成。
（注：“to be”动词是用两个单词合起来称为动词名，to既然不是不定式符号，也不是介词符号，它只是一个标识，表示一类变换动词的集合，不能等同于be，因为be仅是其一种格式。）
3.6.3.1辅助动词“to be”
“to be”作为构成被动语态和进行时的辅助动词。
-----------------------------动词的主要变化形式-------------------------------------
当前时态——am 过去时态——was 过去分词been(“to be”动词至少有两处来源：am ,was，were，等等，来自Anglo-Saxon语的wesan；be，been，等等，来自Anglo-Saxon语的beon。)
注：thou—you，第二人称单数，ye——you，第二人称复数的旧风格用法。
I. -------------------------------陈述语气---------------------------------------
------------------------------当前时态----------------------------------------
------单数-------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I am-----------------------------------We are
(2) Thou art------------------------You are
(Thou=you，旧的用法，art，古英语eart，“to be”动词当前陈述语气第二人称的单数格式，现在已不用，都使用are。)
(3) He is----------------------------They are
------------------------------过去时态----------------------------------------
------单数-------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I was-----------------------------------We were
(2) Thou wast------------------------You were
(Wert有时候用于陈述语气中，代替wast，这都是旧的用法，现在都用were。)
(3) He was----------------------------They were
------------------------------将来时态----------------------------------------
------单数---------------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I shall 或 will be-----------------------------------We shall或will be
(2) Thou shalt或wilt be------------------------You shall或will be
(shalt，wilt为旧时用法，现都使用You shall或will be.)
(3) He shall 或will be----------------------------They shall或will be
------------------------------当前完成时态----------------------------------------
------单数-------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I have been-----------------------------------We have been
(2) Thou hast been------------------------You have been
(hast为旧时用法，现都使用You have been.)
(3) He has been----------------------------They have been
------------------------------过去完成时态----------------------------------------
------单数-------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I had been-----------------------------------We had been
(2) Thou hadst been---------------------You had been
(hadst为旧时用法，现都使用You had been.)
(3) He had been----------------------------They had been
------------------------------将来完成时态----------------------------------------
------单数---------------------------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I shall或will have been-----------------------------------We shall或will have been
(2) Thou shalt或wilt have been-------------------------You shall或will have been
(shalt，wilt为旧时用法，现都使用will have been.)
(3) He shall或will have been----------------------------They shall 或will have been
注：第二人称单数Thou，是旧时用法，对应的第二人称单数将来完成时态用will用wilt代替，shall用shalt代替，现在完成时态have用hast代替，过去完成时态had用hadst代替。
II. -------------------------------可能语气---------------------------------------
------------------------------当前时态----------------------------------------
------单数------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I may be--------------------------------------We may be
(2) Thou mayst be------------------------You may be
(3) He may be-----------------------------They may be
------------------------------过去时态----------------------------------------
------单数------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I might be--------------------------------------We might be
(2) Thou mightst be------------------------You might be
(3) He might be-----------------------------They might be
------------------------------当前完成时态----------------------------------------
------单数-----------------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I may have been--------------------------------------We may have been
(2) Thou mayst have be---------------------------You may have been
(3) He may have been-----------------------------They may have been
------------------------------过去完成时态----------------------------------------
------单数-----------------------------------------------------复数--------------------------
(1) I might have been--------------------------------------We might have been
(2) Thou mightst have been---------------------------You might have been
(3) He might have been-----------------------------They might have been
III. -------------------------------虚拟语气---------------------------------------
------------当前时态----------------------------------------------过去时态
-----单数---------------复数----------------------------单数---------------------复数
(1) If I be---------------If we be------------------------If I were--------------------If we were
(2) If Thou be----------If you be-----------------------If you were------------------If you were
(2) If he be-------------If they be-----------------------If he were------------------If they were
IV. -------------------------------祈使语气---------------------------------------
------------------------------–---不定式格式----------------------------------------------
当前时态——to be。完成时态——to have been。动名词——being；having been。
------------------------------–---分词格式----------------------------------------------
当前时态——being；过去时态——been；完成时态——having been.
3.6.3.2辅助动词“to do”
当前时态——当前强调和疑问句标识。
----单数-----------------------------------------复数-------------
(1) I do-------------------------------------------We do
(2) Thou dost -----------------------------------You do
(3) He does--------------------------------------They do
过去时态——过去强调和疑问句标识。
----单数-----------------------------------------复数-------------
(1) I did------------------------------------------We did
(2) Thou didst -----------------------------------You did
(3) He did--------------------------------------They did
当作为主要动词时——
(1) 动词的主要变化格式：当前时态do，过去式did，过去分词done；
(2) 不定式格式：当前时态to do，完成时态to have done，动名词doing，having done；(3) 分词格式：现在分词doing；过去分词done，完成进行时分词having done.
注：当do用于How do you do?时，完全是另一个动词(句子中第二个do)：这个“do”来自于Anglo-Saxon动词dugan，表示“得利(profit)，繁荣(prosper)”，因此，How do you do？也就是How do you prosper? That will do=That will proper or succeded.
3.6.3.3辅助动词“to have”
当前时态：当前完成时态的标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I have-------------------------------We have
(2) Thou hast--------------------------You have
(3) He has------------------------------They have
过去式：完成时态的符号。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I had-------------------------------We had
(2) Thou hadst--------------------------You had
(3) He had------------------------------They had
当作为主动词时——
(1) 主要的词形变化：当前时态have，过去式had，过去分词had；
(2) 作不定式时：当前时态to have，完成时态to have had，作动名词：having，having had；
(3) 分词格式：现在分词having，过去分词had，现在完成进行时分词having had。
3.6.3.4 辅助动词can
当前时态：可能语气的当前时态标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I can---------------------------------We can
(2) Thou canst--------------------------You can
(3) He can-----------------------------They can
过去时态：可能语气的过去时态标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I could---------------------------------We could
(2) Thou couldst--------------------------You could
(3) He could-----------------------------They could
“could”是can的过去时态，插入l是效仿would和should，但是这种类推法是错误的。古英语can的过去式是coude。(也就是效防would和should插入了l,又把后面的e拿掉了。)
3.6.3.5 辅助动词may
当前时态：将来时态的标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I may---------------------------------We may
(2) Thou mayst --------------------------You may
(3) He may-----------------------------They may
过去时态：可能语气的过去时态标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I might ---------------------------------We might
(2) Thou mightst--------------------------You might
(3) He might -----------------------------They might
3.6.3.6 辅助动词shall
当前时态：将来时态的标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I shall---------------------------------We shall
(2) Thou shalt--------------------------You shall
(3) He shall-----------------------------They shall
过去时态：可能语气的过去时态标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I should ---------------------------------We should
(2) Thou shouldst--------------------------You should
(3) He should -----------------------------They should
3.6.3.7 辅助动词will
当前时态：将来时态的标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I will---------------------------------We will
(2) Thou wilt--------------------------You will
(3) He will -----------------------------They will
过去时态：可能语气的过去时态标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I would ---------------------------------We would
(2) Thou wouldst--------------------------You would
(3) He would -----------------------------They would
当will作为主要动词时——
(1) 主要的词形变换：当前时态will，过去时态willed，过去分词willed；
(2) 作为不定式时：当前时态to will，完成时态to have willed；动名词willing,having willed；
(3) 分词格式:当前时态willing，过去时态willed，完成时态，having willed。
3.6.3.8 辅助动词must
当前时态：可能语气的标识。
-----单数------------------------------------复数
(1) I must---------------------------------We must
(2) Thou must --------------------------You must
(3) He must -----------------------------They must
3.6.4 规则动词的范式(paradigm)
这里的范式指动词完整的词形变换。以动词love为例，
------------------------------主动语态------------------------------
---------------------------------------主要形态-------------------------------------------
现在时态——love 过去时态——loved 过去分词——loved
-------------------------------陈述语气------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------当前时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I love-------------------------------------We love
(2) Thou lovest------------------------------You love
(3) He loves---------------------------------They love
-----------------------------过去时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I loved-------------------------------------We loved
(2) Thou lovedst------------------------------You loved
(3) He loved-----------------------------------They loved
-----------------------------将来时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I Shall或will love-------------------------------------We shall或will love
(2) Thou shalt或wilt love ------------------------------You shall或will love
(3) He shall 或will love-----------------------------------They shall或will love
-----------------------------当前完成时态------------------------------------------
---单数---------------------------------------------复数
(1) I have loved-------------------------------------We have loved
(2) Thou hast loved --------------------------------You have loved
(3) He has loved-----------------------------------They have loved
-----------------------------过去完成时态------------------------------------------
---单数---------------------------------------------复数
(1) I had loved-------------------------------------We had loved
(2) Thou hadst loved --------------------------------You had loved
(3) He had loved-----------------------------------They had loved
-----------------------------将来完成时态------------------------------------------
---单数------------------------------------------------------------复数
(1) I shall或will have loved-------------------------------------We shall 或will have loved
(2) Thou shalt或wilt have loved -------------------------------You shall或will have loved
(3) He shall或will have loved-----------------------------------They shall或will have loved
-------------------------------可能语气------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------当前时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I may love-------------------------------------We may love
(2) Thou mayst love------------------------------You may love
(3) He may love------------------------------------They may love
-----------------------------过去时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I might love-------------------------------------We might love
(2) Thou mightst love------------------------------You might love
(3) He might love------------------------------------They might love
-----------------------------当前完成时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------复数
(1) I may have loved-------------------------------------We may have loved
(2) Thou mayst have loved------------------------------You may have loved
(3) He may have loved------------------------------------They may have loved
-----------------------------过去完成时态------------------------------------------
---单数--------------------------------------------------复数
(1) I might have loved-------------------------------------We might have loved
(2) Thou mightst have loved------------------------------You might have loved
(3) He might have loved------------------------------------They might have loved
-------------------------------虚拟语气------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------当前时态------------------------------------------
---单数-----------------------------------------复数
(1) If I love-------------------------------------If we love
(2) If thou love--------------------------------If you love
(3) If he love---------------------------------If they love
-----------------------------过去时态------------------------------------------
---单数-----------------------------------------复数
(1) If I loved-------------------------------------If we loved
(2) If thou loved--------------------------------If you loved
(3) If he loved---------------------------------If they loved
-------------------------------祈使语气------------------------------------------------
只有love格式(you——thou(单数)，ye(复数)，旧风格用法)
-------------------------------不定式格式-----------------------------------------------
当前时态——to love。完成时态——to have loved。动名词——loving；having loved.
-------------------------------分词格式-----------------------------------------------
现在分词——loving；过去分词——having loved
-------------------------------被动语气(to be love)-----------------------------------------
-------------------------------陈述语气------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------可能语气------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------虚拟语气------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------祈使语气------------------------------------------------
祈使语气只有be (you——thou,ye) loved
-------------------------------不定式格式------------------------------------------------
当前时态——to be loved。完成时态——to have been loved。动名词——being loved；having been loved。
-------------------------------分词格式------------------------------------------------
现在分词——being loved。过去分词——loved。完成时——having being loved。
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
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