一、DAC简介
DAC(Digital-to-Analog Converter)，即数字/模拟转换模块，故名思议，它的作用就是把输入的数字编码，转换成对应的模拟电压输出，它的功能与 ADC 相反。在常见的数字信号系统中，大部分传感器信号被化成电压信号，而 ADC 把电压模拟信号转换成易于计算机存储、处理的数字编码，由计算机处理完成后，再由 DAC 输出电压模拟信号，该电压模拟信号常用来驱动某些执行器件，使人类易于感知。如音频信号的采集及还原就是这样一个过程。
STM32 具有片上 DAC 外设，它的分辨率可配置为 8 位或 12 位的数字输入信号，具有两个 DAC 输出通道，这两个通道互不影响，每个通道都可以使用 DMA 功能，都具有出错检测能力，可外部触发。
二、DAC通道选择
在 STM32 中具有 2 个这样的 DAC 部件，每个 DAC 有 1 个对应的输出通道连接到特定的引脚，即：PA4-通道 1，PA5-通道 2，为避免干扰，使用 DAC 功能时，DAC 通道引脚需要被配置成模拟输入功能（AIN）。
三、新建工程
1. 打开 STM32CubeMX 软件，点击“新建工程”
2. 选择 MCU 和封装
3. 配置时钟
RCC 设置，选择 HSE(外部高速时钟) 为 Crystal/Ceramic Resonator(晶振/陶瓷谐振器)
选择 Clock Configuration，配置系统时钟 SYSCLK 为 72MHz
修改 HCLK 的值为 72 后，输入回车，软件会自动修改所有配置
4. 配置调试模式
非常重要的一步，否则会造成第一次烧录程序后续无法识别调试器
SYS 设置，选择 Debug 为 Serial Wire
四、DAC1
4.1 参数配置
在 Analog 中选择 DAC 设置，并选择 OUT1 Configuration 通道1
或者在右边图找到
PA4 引脚，选择 DAC_OUT1
具体配置参数如下。
-
OUT1/2 Configuration：
对应两个输出通道。 -
External Trigger：
外部中断EXTI9 触发就是使用外部中断来触发DAC。 -
Output Buffer：
使能DAC输出缓存。
DAC 集成了 2 个输出缓存，可以用来减少输出阻抗，无需外部运放即可直接驱动外部负载。每个 DAC 通道输出缓存可以通过设置 DAC_CR 寄存器的 BOFFx 位来使能或者关闭。
如果带载能力还不行，后面就接一个电压跟随器，选择运放一定要选择电流大的型号。
使能输出缓冲后，DAC 输出的最小电压为 0.2V，最大电压为 VREF+-0.2，而未使能输出缓冲则输出可达到0V。
-
Trigger：
选择DAC的触发方式
Timer 2/4/5/6/7/8 Trigger Out event定时器触发，利用这种方式可以输出特定的波形。在这里我们选择定时器2。
Software trigger软件触发，在本模式下，向 DAC_SWTRIGR 寄存器写入配置即可触发信号进行转换。 - Wave generation mode：Disable（不使用波形发生器）。
4.2 配置DMA
点击 DMA Settings 添加 DAC_CH1 对应 DMA2 的通道3。DMA模式选择循环模式，方向选为内存到外设。
-
Priority：
当发生多个 DMA 通道请求时，就意味着有先后响应处理的顺序问题，这个就由仲裁器也管理。仲裁器管理 DMA 通道请求分为两个阶段。第一阶段属于软件阶段，可以在 DMA_CCRx 寄存器中设置，有 4 个等级：非常高、高、中和低四个优先级。第二阶段属于硬件阶段，如果两个或以上的 DMA 通道请求设置的优先级一样，则他们优先级取决于通 道编号，编号越低优先权越高，比如通道 0 高于通道 1。在大容量产品和互联型产品中，DMA1 控制器拥有高于 DMA2 控制器的优先级。 -
Mode：
Normal表示单次传输，传输一次后终止传输。
Circular表示循环传输，传输完成后又重新开始继续传输，不断循环永不停止。 -
Increment Address：
Peripheral表示外设地址自增。
Memory表示内存地址自增。 -
Data Width：
Byte一个字节。
Half Word半个字，等于两字节。
Word一个字，等于四字节。
五、TIM2通用定时器
5.1 参数配置
在 Timers 中选择 TIM2 设置，时钟源 Clock Source 选择内部时钟 Internal Clock
在 Parameter Settings 进行具体参数配置。
-
Prescaler（时钟预分频数）：0
则驱动计数器的时钟 CK_CNT = CK_INT(即72MHz)/(0+1) = 72MHz即不分频 - Counter Mode（计数模式）：Up（向上计数模式）
- Counter Period（自动重装载值）：20-1
- auto-reload-preload（自动重装载）：Disable（不使能）
-
TRGO Parameters（触发输出）：Update Event（更新事件）
在定时器的定时时间到达的时候输出一个信号(如：定时器更新产生TRGO信号来触发ADC的同步转换)
5.2 生成代码
输入项目名和项目路径
选择应用的 IDE 开发环境 MDK-ARM V5
每个外设生成独立的
’.c/.h’ 文件不勾：所有初始化代码都生成在 main.c
勾选：初始化代码生成在对应的外设文件。 如 GPIO 初始化代码生成在 gpio.c 中。
点击 GENERATE CODE 生成代码
六、库函数
/* IO operation functions *****************************************************/
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Start(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel); //开启DAC输出
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Stop(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel); //关闭DAC输出
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel, uint32_t* pData, uint32_t Length, uint32_t Alignment); //需要函数中不断开启 //开启DAC的DMA输出
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Stop_DMA(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel); //关闭DAC的DMA输出
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_SetValue(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel, uint32_t Alignment, uint32_t Data); //设置DAC输出值
uint32_t HAL_DAC_GetValue(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel); //获取DAC输出值
/**
* @brief Starts the TIM Base generation.
* @param htim TIM Base handle
* @retval HAL status
*/
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_TIM_Base_Start(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim);
七、生成模拟音频波形数据表
7.1 安装Adobe Audition
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1iGMV7FPn-87KI9FnFUDx9A 提取码：4ahu
7.2 生成Wav文件
用 Adobe Audition 打开一个音频文件，选择一段区域。右键，存储选区为。
设置参数，然后导出
- 格式：Wave PCM
- 采样类型：8000 Hz，单声道，8位
- 去除包含标记和其他元数据，这样生成的文件更小
7.3 关于采样类型选择
看看采样频率和位深需要定时器频率的关系如下表格：
根据上面 五、TIM2通用定时器 的参数配置，定时器频率：
TIM2的定时器频率：f = Tclk/[(psc+1) * (cnt+1)] = 72MHz/[1*20] = 3.6MHz。
- 定时器时钟Tclk：72MHz
- 预分频器psc：0
- 自动重装载值cnt：19
所以我们采样频率选择 8000 Hz，位深选择 8位
7.4 安装DataToHex
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1VZwq4zs5b3Mutn5p8rL2Uw 提取码：9d0h
7.5 生成十六进制数组
如：
/*----The Length of This Array is 1134 Byte.----*/
unsigned char Array[]={
0x52,0x49,0x46,0x46,0x66,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x57,0x41,0x56,0x45,0x66,0x6D,0x74,0x20,
0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x40,0x1F,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x1F,0x00,0x00,
0x01,0x00,0x08,0x00,0x64,0x61,0x74,0x61,0x41,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x58,0x6D,0x7F,0x8F,
0xA5,0xB0,0xB9,0xBF,0xC0,0xB8,0xAF,0xA2,0x93,0x83,0x75,0x6B,0x63,0x61,0x63,0x6A,
0x72,0x7F,0x87,0x90,0x9A,0x9C,0x99,0x9A,0x97,0x8D,0x88,0x7E,0x73,0x69,0x60,0x58,
0x4B,0x47,0x43,0x46,0x4F,0x5B,0x6B,0x7D,0x8E,0x9F,0xAE,0xB5,0xBD,0xBB,0xB4,0xB0,
0x9E,0x92,0x85,0x74,0x6F,0x68,0x64,0x68,0x6E,0x74,0x80,0x8A,0x90,0x98,0x9D,0x9A,
0x97,0x91,0x8A,0x85,0x7A,0x75,0x70,0x66,0x62,0x5C,0x54,0x4F,0x4A,0x49,0x55,0x5A,
0x6B,0x80,0x89,0x9E,0xAD,0xB4,0xBE,0xBB,0xB4,0xAC,0x9F,0x8D,0x83,0x73,0x6B,0x68,
0x64,0x69,0x70,0x76,0x83,0x8D,0x93,0x9A,0x9D,0x99,0x97,0x8F,0x86,0x83,0x7A,0x71,
0x6F,0x65,0x61,0x5E,0x56,0x54,0x4E,0x48,0x53,0x5D,0x63,0x7D,0x8A,0x95,0xAD,0xB0,
0xB8,0xBE,0xB3,0xAB,0xA4,0x8E,0x83,0x77,0x6A,0x68,0x65,0x68,0x70,0x78,0x83,0x8F,
0x96,0x9B,0x9E,0x9B,0x96,0x8F,0x87,0x7E,0x7B,0x74,0x6D,0x71,0x67,0x67,0x64,0x5D,
0x57,0x53,0x49,0x52,0x5B,0x61,0x7C,0x87,0x95,0xA9,0xB3,0xB7,0xBD,0xB1,0xA9,0xA2,
0x8D,0x80,0x78,0x69,0x66,0x68,0x6A,0x74,0x7D,0x87,0x92,0x98,0x9A,0x9D,0x98,0x93,
0x8B,0x83,0x7B,0x79,0x74,0x6F,0x72,0x6E,0x6B,0x6A,0x62,0x5A,0x55,0x4B,0x4F,0x59,
0x5C,0x73,0x84,0x8E,0xA9,0xAE,0xB5,0xBB,0xB4,0xA8,0xA4,0x8D,0x7F,0x78,0x67,0x69,
0x6A,0x6F,0x78,0x85,0x8B,0x95,0x9D,0x9A,0x9B,0x94,0x88,0x83,0x7D,0x78,0x78,0x76,
0x74,0x78,0x73,0x74,0x6F,0x62,0x5B,0x4F,0x47,0x4D,0x57,0x5F,0x7E,0x87,0x9A,0xAA,
0xAE,0xAE,0xAE,0xA2,0x95,0x90,0x7C,0x79,0x74,0x71,0x79,0x81,0x87,0x94,0x97,0x9A,
0x9C,0x98,0x90,0x8B,0x81,0x79,0x78,0x76,0x79,0x79,0x7D,0x7B,0x7B,0x78,0x71,0x66,
0x58,0x4C,0x40,0x41,0x4E,0x58,0x74,0x89,0x98,0xAB,0xB4,0xB3,0xB1,0xA9,0x95,0x8F,
0x7F,0x77,0x74,0x74,0x7A,0x83,0x8B,0x96,0x9A,0x9D,0x9D,0x97,0x8E,0x83,0x7E,0x76,
0x74,0x76,0x76,0x79,0x7E,0x7C,0x7C,0x7B,0x73,0x68,0x59,0x4A,0x41,0x3C,0x4B,0x57,
0x6E,0x89,0x97,0xA9,0xB7,0xB6,0xB0,0xAE,0x97,0x8E,0x81,0x76,0x73,0x77,0x79,0x84,
0x8F,0x95,0x9E,0x9E,0x9C,0x97,0x90,0x83,0x80,0x76,0x73,0x75,0x77,0x79,0x7F,0x80,
0x7E,0x7D,0x76,0x69,0x5A,0x4D,0x40,0x3B,0x47,0x52,0x66,0x82,0x91,0xA4,0xB2,0xB4,
0xB3,0xAE,0x9C,0x91,0x84,0x78,0x76,0x75,0x7B,0x84,0x8C,0x95,0x9B,0x9E,0x9C,0x99,
0x90,0x86,0x83,0x77,0x74,0x76,0x74,0x78,0x7C,0x7C,0x7D,0x7A,0x73,0x69,0x5D,0x4E,
0x47,0x41,0x49,0x56,0x65,0x7D,0x8E,0xA0,0xAB,0xB2,0xAE,0xAC,0x9E,0x93,0x88,0x7F,
0x7B,0x7A,0x7D,0x84,0x8B,0x92,0x9A,0x9A,0x9B,0x99,0x90,0x89,0x87,0x7A,0x78,0x78,
0x73,0x79,0x79,0x78,0x78,0x74,0x6A,0x62,0x57,0x4E,0x47,0x47,0x50,0x5C,0x6F,0x82,
0x91,0xA0,0xA9,0xAB,0xAE,0xA5,0x9F,0x96,0x8A,0x86,0x82,0x7F,0x83,0x87,0x8A,0x93,
0x96,0x97,0x96,0x94,0x8C,0x88,0x83,0x7C,0x78,0x76,0x72,0x73,0x73,0x6E,0x6E,0x66,
0x5E,0x58,0x52,0x4C,0x54,0x57,0x64,0x75,0x7F,0x8F,0x9C,0xA0,0xA6,0xA8,0xA1,0xA1,
0x98,0x90,0x8C,0x87,0x84,0x89,0x87,0x8B,0x90,0x91,0x92,0x92,0x8F,0x8B,0x89,0x82,
0x7F,0x7B,0x76,0x73,0x72,0x6C,0x69,0x63,0x5C,0x57,0x53,0x4F,0x56,0x59,0x62,0x71,
0x7B,0x88,0x96,0x9A,0xA1,0xA6,0xA3,0xA3,0x9F,0x98,0x95,0x90,0x8B,0x8D,0x8A,0x8C,
0x8E,0x8D,0x8E,0x8E,0x8B,0x8A,0x87,0x81,0x7F,0x7B,0x75,0x72,0x6D,0x68,0x62,0x5D,
0x58,0x53,0x51,0x52,0x58,0x60,0x6A,0x74,0x80,0x8B,0x95,0x9C,0xA1,0xA3,0xA4,0xA1,
0x9F,0x9C,0x97,0x95,0x91,0x90,0x8E,0x8F,0x8E,0x8E,0x8C,0x8C,0x88,0x87,0x83,0x7E,
0x7B,0x76,0x71,0x6B,0x67,0x5F,0x5B,0x55,0x53,0x51,0x54,0x57,0x5F,0x69,0x72,0x7F,
0x89,0x91,0x9B,0xA1,0xA3,0xA7,0xA5,0xA3,0xA1,0x9D,0x99,0x96,0x92,0x90,0x8F,0x8D,
0x8C,0x8B,0x89,0x86,0x86,0x7F,0x7C,0x77,0x71,0x6B,0x66,0x5E,0x5A,0x56,0x52,0x52,
0x54,0x57,0x5F,0x67,0x6F,0x7B,0x83,0x8C,0x96,0x9C,0xA0,0xA6,0xA6,0xA6,0xA6,0xA1,
0x9E,0x9C,0x96,0x94,0x92,0x8F,0x8C,0x8B,0x86,0x85,0x81,0x7D,0x7B,0x76,0x70,0x6D,
0x66,0x60,0x5D,0x58,0x56,0x55,0x56,0x58,0x5F,0x64,0x6D,0x77,0x7F,0x88,0x91,0x97,
0x9E,0xA2,0xA5,0xA8,0xA7,0xA5,0xA3,0x9F,0x9B,0x98,0x93,0x91,0x8E,0x8B,0x88,0x83,
0x80,0x7B,0x78,0x72,0x6E,0x68,0x64,0x5E,0x5A,0x56,0x53,0x53,0x55,0x58,0x5E,0x66,
0x70,0x78,0x83,0x8C,0x94,0x9B,0xA0,0xA5,0xA8,0xA9,0xA9,0xA6,0xA5,0xA2,0x9E,0x9B,
0x97,0x92,0x8F,0x8B,0x85,0x80,0x7B,0x76,0x70,0x6B,0x65,0x60,0x5B,0x57,0x52,0x52,
0x51,0x53,0x58,0x5D,0x66,0x6E,0x79,0x82,0x8C,0x95,0x9C,0xA2,0xA7,0xA9,0xAC,0xAC,
0xAA,0xA8,0xA6,0xA1,0x9D,0x99,0x93,0x8F,0x89,0x83,0x7F,0x78,0x72,0x6C,0x65,0x5F,
0x5A,0x54,0x51,0x4E,0x4E,0x50,0x54,0x5A,0x61,0x6A,0x74,0x7D,0x88,0x92,0x9A,0xA2,
0xA8,0xAC,0xAF,0xAF,0xAF,0xAD,0xAA,0xA5,0xA0,0x9C,0x96,0x91,0x8A,0x83,0x7D,0x78,
0x70,0x6A,0x62,0x5C,0x57,0x52,0x4E,0x4C,0x4D,0x4F,0x53,0x5A,0x61,0x6C,0x76,0x7F,
0x8B,0x95,0x9D,0xA4,0xAA,0xAD,0xB0,0xB0,0xAF,0xAD,0xAA,0xA6,0xA0,0x9B,0x95,0x8E,
0x87,0x81,0x79,0x72,0x6A,0x63,0x5D,0x57,0x52,0x4F,0x4D,0x4D,0x4F,0x52,0x58,0x5F,
0x68,0x72,0x7D,0x87,0x91,0x99,0xA1,0xA8,0xAC,0xB0,0xB0,0xB0,0xAE,0xAB,0xA8,0xA3,
0x9D,0x97,0x8F,0x89,0x81,0x7A,0x72,0x6A,0x64,0x5D,0x58,0x53,0x4F,0x4E,0x4D,0x4F,
0x53,0x59,0x5F,0x68,0x72,0x7C,0x86,0x8F,0x99,0x9F,0xA6,0xAB,0xAE,0xAF,0xB0,0xAE,
0xAB,0xA8,0xA2,0x9D,0x96,0x8F,0x88,0x81,0x78,0x71,0x69,0x63,0x5C,0x57,0x53,0x51,
0x4F,0x50,0x53,0x57,0x5C,0x63,0x6C,0x75,0x7E,0x88,0x90,0x98,0xA0,0xA4,0xAA,0xAD,
0xAE,0xAE,0xAC,0xA9,0xA5,0xA1,0x9A,0x94,0x8D,0x86,0x7D,0x76,0x6F,0x68,0x61,0x5C,
0x58,0x54,0x53,0x53,0x54,0x57,0x5C,0x62,0x69,0x71,0x79,0x82,0x8A,0x92,0x98,0x9E,
0xA3,0xA7,0xA9,0xAA,0xAA,0xA7,0xA4,0xA1,0x9B,0x95,0x8E,0x88,0x81,0x7A,0x74,0x6D,
0x68,0x63,0x5F,0x5D,0x5A,0x5B,0x5C,0x5D,0x61,0x64,0x69,0x70,0x77,0x7D,0x84,0x8A,
0x8F,0x97,0x9A,0x9D,0x9F,0xA1,0xA2,0xA0,0x9F,0x9C,0x98,0x93,0x8F,0x89,0x84,0x7E,
0x79,0x75,0x70,0x6D,0x6A,0x67,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x67,0x69,0x6D,0x70,0x73,0x77,0x7C,
0x80,0x84,0x88,0x8B,0x8E,0x91,0x93,0x95,0x94,0x95,0x93,0x92,0x90,0x8E,0x8B,0x87,
0x84,0x81,0x7D,0x7A,0x78,0x76,0x73,0x73,0x71,0x70,0x70,0x71,0x73,0x00,
};
八、修改main函数
添加模拟音频波形数据表 Array[]
添加 HAL_TIM_Base_Start() 函数，启动定时器。
添加 HAL_DAC_Start_DMA()函数，启动 DAC 的 DMA 输出。
unsigned char Array[]={
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};
/**
* @brief The application entry point.
* @retval int
*/
int main(void)
{
/* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */
/* USER CODE END 1 */
/* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
HAL_Init();
/* USER CODE BEGIN Init */
/* USER CODE END Init */
/* Configure the system clock */
SystemClock_Config();
/* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */
/* USER CODE END SysInit */
/* Initialize all configured peripherals */
MX_DAC_Init();
MX_TIM2_Init();
/* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
HAL_TIM_Base_Start(&htim2);
HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(&hdac, DAC_CHANNEL_1, (uint32_t *)Array, 1134, DAC_ALIGN_12B_R);
/* USER CODE END 2 */
/* Infinite loop */
/* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
while (1)
{
/* USER CODE END WHILE */
/* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
}
/* USER CODE END 3 */
}
九、实验现象
好像有点不太像。。。
十、注意事项
用户代码要加在 USER CODE BEGIN N 和 USER CODE END N 之间，否则下次使用 STM32CubeMX 重新生成代码后，会被删除。
• 由 Leung 写于 2021 年 3 月 19 日
• 参考：STM32CubeMX系列教程8:数模转换(DAC)
使用STM32F103的DAC功能实现音频输出
STM32CubeIDE Audio播放音频，PWM + TIM
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