Docker基本命令

帮助命令

docker version       # 显示docker的版本信息
docker info          # 显示docker的系统信息，包括镜像和容器
docker 命令 --help    # 帮助命令

帮助文档地址：https://docs.docker.com/reference/
Hub地址：https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql?tab=description

镜像命令

1、docker images查看所有本地的主机上的镜像

[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   3 months ago   13.3kB

# 解释
REPOSITORY      镜像的仓库源
TAG             镜像的标签
IMAGE ID        镜像的id
CREATED         镜像的创建时间
SIZE            镜像的大小

# 可选项
-a, --all       列出所有的镜像
-q, --quiet     只显示镜像的id

2、docker search 搜索镜像

[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11880     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4541      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   889                  [OK]
percona                           Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   566       [OK]       
phpmyadmin                        phpMyAdmin - A web interface for MySQL and M…   407       [OK] 

# 可选项，通过搜索来过滤
-f=STARS=10000  # 搜索出来的镜像是STARS大于10000的
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker search mysql --filter=STARs=10000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11880     [OK]       
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker search mysql -f=STARs=10000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11880     [OK]

3、docker pull 下载镜像

# 下载镜像  docker pull 镜像名字[:tag]
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest   # 如果不写tag，默认是latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Pull complete     # 分层下载，docker iamge的核心，联合文件系统
93619dbc5b36: Pull complete 
99da31dd6142: Pull complete 
626033c43d70: Pull complete 
37d5d7efb64e: Pull complete 
ac563158d721: Pull complete 
d2ba16033dad: Pull complete 
688ba7d5c01a: Pull complete 
00e060b6d11d: Pull complete 
1c04857f594f: Pull complete 
4d7cfa90e6ea: Pull complete 
e0431212d27d: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e9027fe4d91c0153429607251656806cc784e914937271037f7738bd5b8e7709 # 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest  # 真实地址

docker pull mysql
docker docker.io/library/mysql:latest   # 这两个等价

# 指定版本下载，要去看看hub中是否支持该版本：https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql?tab=description
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Already exists    # 分层下载时，可使用之前已拥有的部分层级，大大的减少了内存的消耗，即联合文件系统思想
93619dbc5b36: Already exists 
99da31dd6142: Already exists 
626033c43d70: Already exists 
37d5d7efb64e: Already exists 
ac563158d721: Already exists 
d2ba16033dad: Already exists 
0ceb82207cd7: Pull complete 
37f2405cae96: Pull complete 
e2482e017e53: Pull complete 
70deed891d42: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:f2ad209efe9c67104167fc609cca6973c8422939491c9345270175a300419f94
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

# 当前镜像信息
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
mysql         5.7       c20987f18b13   8 days ago     448MB
mysql         latest    3218b38490ce   8 days ago     516MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   3 months ago   13.3kB

4、docker rmi删除镜像

#   删除指定的镜像 docker rmi -f 镜像id
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
mysql         5.7       c20987f18b13   8 days ago     448MB
mysql         latest    3218b38490ce   8 days ago     516MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   3 months ago   13.3kB
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker rmi -f c20987f18b13

#   删除所有镜像 docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)
#   删除多个镜像 docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id

容器命令

说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，Linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

1、新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

# 常用参数说明
--name="Name"   容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat01，用来区分容器
-d              后台方式运行
-it             使用交互方式运行，比如进入容器查看内容
-p              指定容器的端口 -p 8080:8080
    -p  主机端口:容器端口   # 主机端口映射到容器端口【常用】
    -p  容器端口
    -p  ip:主机端口:容器端口
    容器端口
-P（大p）        随机指定端口

# 调试，启动并进入容器
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
mysql         latest    3218b38490ce   8 days ago     516MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   3 months ago   13.3kB
centos        latest    5d0da3dc9764   3 months ago   231MB
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@1b87ecec82d9 /]# ls   # 查看容器内的centos，基础版本，很多命令都是不完善的
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run 

# 从容器中退回主机
[root@1b87ecec82d9 /]# exit 
exit
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# ls
10000  bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

2、列出所有的运行中的容器

# docker ps 命令
    # 列出当前正在运行的容器
-a  # 列出当前正在运行的容器+带出历史运行的容器
-n=?    # 显示最近创建的容器
-aq     # 只显示容器的编号

[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                          PORTS     NAMES
1b87ecec82d9   centos        "/bin/bash"   12 minutes ago   Exited (0) About a minute ago             gracious_hoover
1f0d63432233   centos        "/bin/bash"   12 minutes ago   Exited (0) 12 minutes ago                 busy_chaplygin
9d623a804288   hello-world   "/hello"      2 days ago       Exited (0) 2 days ago                     romantic_volhard
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]#

3、退出容器

exit    # 直接容器停止并退出
Ctrl+p+q    # 容器不停止退出

[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@1b036b704f0d /]# [root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
1b036b704f0d   centos    "/bin/bash"   25 seconds ago   Up 24 seconds

4、删除容器

docker rm 容器id                  # 删除指定的容器，不能删除运行的容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)    # 删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm  # 也是删除所有的容器

5、启动和停止容器操作

docker start 容器id       # 启动容器
docker restart 容器id     # 重启容器
docker stop  容器id       # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill  容器id       # 强制停止当前容器

常用其它命令及问题

1、后台启动容器

# 命令 docker -run -d 镜像名（后台运行）
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker run -d centos

# 问题docker ps，发现centos停止了

# 常见的坑：docker  容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx，容器后台启动后，发现自己没有提供前台服务，就会立刻停止

2、查看容器中的进程信息 ps

# 命令 docker top 容器id
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker top 30182ce61101
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                30188               30170               0                   16:15               pts/0               00:00:00            /bin/bash

3、查看镜像的元数据

# 命令 docker inspect 容器id

# 调试
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker inspect 30182ce61101
[
    {
        "Id": "30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728",
        "Created": "2021-12-29T08:15:33.482949345Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 30188,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-12-29T08:15:33.790951902Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728/30182ce61101a9d5e5916ce02e6805646c620ff4b2f02e80ab54be5c9eac7728-json.log",
        "Name": "/distracted_shockley",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/38f2a3c391650918159a1d6a057cf54079618ea7ce00c6d8ff502f13be4e994e-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/44e94db1e5c8bd1dccb0eda98963b5f7ee462c9ca8a5a16459e89cdbc8bd2d14/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/38f2a3c391650918159a1d6a057cf54079618ea7ce00c6d8ff502f13be4e994e/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/38f2a3c391650918159a1d6a057cf54079618ea7ce00c6d8ff502f13be4e994e/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/38f2a3c391650918159a1d6a057cf54079618ea7ce00c6d8ff502f13be4e994e/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "30182ce61101",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": true,
            "AttachStdout": true,
            "AttachStderr": true,
            "Tty": true,
            "OpenStdin": true,
            "StdinOnce": true,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "e4c00e1daf29a3b33cff6ee446c662a06a6ca9b9977faf5196454e5ebde1af00",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/e4c00e1daf29",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "75e4fe490eb3b20b0eb77b039baea5348a5680455440d8a7fe0dc469e7690a51",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "9057a93001136d8bb203d651ef95b00a3d0006ebfab0aca07f6f48002705ce4b",
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# 

4、进入当前正在运行的容器

# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行，需要进入容器，需要一些配置

# 命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashShell

# 测试
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker exec -it 30182ce61101 /bin/bash
[root@30182ce61101 /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@30182ce61101 /]# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 08:15 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        15     0  0 08:49 pts/1    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        29     0  0 08:50 pts/2    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        43     0  0 08:50 pts/3    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        57     0  0 08:51 pts/4    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root        72    57  0 08:51 pts/4    00:00:00 ps -ef

# 方式二
docker attach 容器id
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker attach 30182ce61101
正在执行当前的代码...

# docker exec       # 进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作（常用）
# docker attach     # 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

5、从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机路径
# 运行中的容器停止了也可以拷贝
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker cp a1d581cec002:/home/test.java /home
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# cd /home
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z home]# ls
test.java  test.txt

学习练习

练习一：Docker 安装 Nginx

# 1、搜索镜像  search 建议去docker搜索，可以看到帮助文档、
# 2、下载镜像  pull
# 3、运行测试

#   -d 后台运行
#   --name 给容器命名
#   -p 主机端口:容器端口
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker run -d --name nginx01 -p:5050:80 nginx
48d75596ac490c02afeaa74e53863f4673cab07c1e26a9fe2ddc2b951ef930cf
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                                   NAMES
48d75596ac49   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   4 seconds ago   Up 3 seconds   0.0.0.0:5050->80/tcp, :::5050->80/tcp   nginx01
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# curl localhost:5050
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>

# 进入容器
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker exec -it nginx01 /bin/bash
root@48d75596ac49:/# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/lib/nginx /etc/nginx /usr/share/nginx
root@48d75596ac49:/# cd /etc/nginx/
root@48d75596ac49:/etc/nginx# ls
conf.d  fastcgi_params  mime.types  modules  nginx.conf  scgi_params  uwsgi_params

• 端口映射（暴露）

  
  端口映射

思考问题：我们每次改动Nginx配置文件，都需要进入容器内部？始分的麻烦，我要是可以在容器外部提供一个映射路径，达到在容器外修改文件名，容器内部就可以自动修改？PS：数据卷~！

练习二：Docker 安装 Tomcat

# 官方的使用
docker run -it --rm tomcat:9.0

# 我们之前的启动是后台，停止容器后，容器还是可以查到，docker run -it --rm ，一般用来调试，用完就删除【不建议】

# 下载启动
docker pull tomcat

# 启动运行
docker run -d -p 5050:8080 --name tomcat01 tomcat

# 调试访问没有问题

# 进入容器
[root@iZwz9ga2spyeb5u9tdq8t5Z /]# docker exec -it tomcat01 /bin/bash

# 发现问题：1.linux命令少了；2.没有webapps。是阿里云镜像的原因，默认是最小的镜像，会把所有不必要的都剔除，保证最小可运行环境

思考问题：我们以后部署项目，如果每次都要进入容器很麻烦。我们是不是可以在容器外提供一个映射路径，webapps，我们在外部放置项目，就自动同步到内部就好了。

可视化

• portainer（先用这个，很少用）
• Ranchr（CI/CD再用）

1、什么是portainer？

Docker图形化管理工具！protainer是一个轻量级的管理UI，提供一个后台面板供我们操作~

# 下载并启动
docker run -d -p 5050:9000 --restart=always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --privileged=true --name prtainer-test portainer/portainer

# 本机测试
curl localhost:5050

image.png 选择本地的 界面展示 查看容器 Dashboard