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docker容器扫盲

docker容器扫盲

作者: Liberalman | 来源:发表于2016-07-22 21:44 被阅读1193次

    Centos 6.5 安装和使用docker

    基于本人一贯的习惯,关于“某某某是什么”这样的问题,请百度吧,会有更专业的人士,会比我说的更详细更深,这里我只给出本人亲历的安装和使用过程。

    1.安装

    先检查服务器环境,docker要求操作系统CentOS6以上,kernel 版本必须2.6.32-431或更高,即>=CentOS 6.5,运行docker时实际提示3.8.0及以上,必须64bit,32bit不支持docker。

    [root@201 ~]# uname -r
    2.6.32-642.1.1.el6.x86_64
    

    docker的存储驱动是Device Mapper,看下你的驱动是否符合

    [root@201 ~]# grep device-mapper /proc/devices
    253 device-mapper
    

    看来我们符合以上要求,然后开始安装。

    对于centos 6.5 需要先安装源

    [root@201 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
    

    注意centos 6要安装的是docker-io来源于Fedora epel库,是第三方库,所以先要确保安装了epel

    [root@201 ~]# rpm -q epel-release
    epel-release-6-8.noarch
    

    ok,我们已经安装过epel,然后yum一下,稍等片刻就安装成功

    [root@201 ~]# yum install docker-io -y
    

    如果系统是centos 7则不用以上步骤,并且安装包是docker而不是docker-io

    [root@201 ~]# yum install docker -y
    

    2.启动

    启动守护进程

    [root@201 ~]# service docker start
    

    查看启动信息

    [root@201 data]# docker info
    Containers: 0
    Images: 0
    Storage Driver: devicemapper
     Pool Name: docker-253:0-286421-pool
     Pool Blocksize: 65.54 kB
     Backing Filesystem: extfs
     Data file: /dev/loop0
     Metadata file: /dev/loop1
     Data Space Used: 305.7 MB
     Data Space Total: 107.4 GB
     Data Space Available: 3.536 GB
     Metadata Space Used: 729.1 kB
     Metadata Space Total: 2.147 GB
     Metadata Space Available: 2.147 GB
     Udev Sync Supported: true
     Deferred Removal Enabled: false
     Data loop file: /var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/data
     Metadata loop file: /var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/metadata
     Library Version: 1.02.117-RHEL6 (2016-04-01)
    Execution Driver: native-0.2
    Logging Driver: json-file
    Kernel Version: 2.6.32-642.1.1.el6.x86_64
    Operating System: <unknown>
    CPUs: 1
    Total Memory: 996.2 MiB
    Name: 201.liberalman.cn
    ID: BHFO:EYCF:XVAZ:J637:2LUV:RR6Y:UR7Z:MZ43:PR4N:CGUD:7EAJ:5SBI
    

    设置开机启动

    [root@201 ~]# chkconfig docker on
    

    docker日志路径

    /var/log/docker
    

    3.实例测试

    测试1

    我们下载一个centos image

    [root@201 data]# docker pull centos
    latest: Pulling from centos
    3690474eb5b4: Pull complete
    342c399b9d0e: Pull complete
    915b9d3c92fc: Downloading 23.78 MB/70.58 MB
    915b9d3c92fc: Downloading 70.58 MB/70.58 MB
    d5c89a2047c8: Download complete 
    Digest: sha256:14bc8ca808518a2703b6eff1a5f3b7065d4b5d4b388b575ae6a27db8791ab19b
    Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
    

    列出镜像,指定centos关键词看看我们下载的镜像

    [root@201 data]# docker images centos
    REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             VIRTUAL SIZE
    centos              latest              d5c89a2047c8        33 hours ago        196.7 MB
    

    我们下载了一个近200M的镜像,好,运行container

    [root@201 data]# docker run -i -t centos /bin/bash
    [root@f41d95a52943 /]# 
    

    -t表示传递给容器tty终端,-i是interactive,表示可以交互。可以看到我的终端也由root@201 data变成了root@f41d95a52943,说明进入了容器的终端,要退出输入exit就可以。如果要新开一个终端进入我们之前启动的容器,先查询container id

    [root@201 data]# docker ps -a
    CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
    f41d95a52943        centos              "/bin/bash"         12 minutes ago      Up 12 minutes                           backstabbing_poincare 
    

    id是f41d95a52943然后在新终端中登录

    docker exec -it f41d95a52943 /bin/bash
    

    这样就可以登录了。

    我们在docker中起了一个centos的最小系统,登录到此系统[root@f41d95a52943 /]后,查看下其ip地址,发现没有ifconfig命令,使用 yum install net-tools 安装后

    [root@f41d95a52943 /]# ifconfig
    eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
            inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
            inet6 fe80::42:acff:fe11:1  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
            ether 02:42:ac:11:00:01  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
            RX packets 10375  bytes 12736213 (12.1 MiB)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 5643  bytes 309098 (301.8 KiB)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    
    lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
            inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
            inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
            loop  txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
            RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    

    可以看到我们docker中的centos系统,分配了一个ip 172.17.0.1,对外ping百度等网站可以ping通!是不是到此就结束了呢,当重启container的时候,你就会发现,ifconfig命令又没有了,默认是不会为我们保存修改的,所以需要我们提交对image的修改。在宿主机中查询容器id,然后提交修改

    查看刚运行过的容器
    [root@201 ~]# docker ps -l
    CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                     NAMES
    4e108c90fa11        centos              "/bin/bash"         2 minutes ago       Up 2 minutes                                  ecstatic_franklin 
    [root@201 ~]# docker start 4e108c90fa11
    4e108c90fa11
    然后连上去
    [root@201 ~]# docker exec -it 4e108c90fa11 /bin/bash
    安装net-tools包
    [root@4e108c90fa11 /]# yum install net-tools -y
    退出,在宿主机上提交评论
    [root@201 ~]# docker commit -m="add net-tools packages,nclude ifconfig command" 4e108c90fa11
    129d59168480299c786d0585e9eb74fdbde3dcd00ee2cd2815d11b7749e53ac7
    

    好,现在重新启动刚才的container,连上去试试ifconfig,就会发现ifconfig已经保存在image中了。

    测试2

    宿主机上,我们在container上运行一个web服务器

    [root@201 data]# docker run -d -P training/webapp python app.py
    Unable to find image 'training/webapp:latest' locally
    latest: Pulling from training/webapp
    e9e06b06e14c: Pull complete 
    02a8815912ca: Download complete 
    Status: Downloaded newer image for training/webapp:latest
    f0b7172ab3a14e6f078e7b01310a3b027e28234baf44f4f6f1aa68465e854f60
    

    这个web应用为docker官方提供,本地没有,所以自动去仓库下载,很方便的实现image,code 共享,并且到处运行。
    image都是分层的,所以更改后构建比较快速。

    [root@201 ~]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                     NAMES
    272a09b3f713        training/webapp     "python app.py"     About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:32768->5000/tcp   serene_jang 
    

    看到web服务器将docker内部的5000端口映射到我们宿主机的的32768端口,同时我们在宿主机上查看ip信息

    [root@201 ~]# ps -ef|grep docker-proxy|grep -v "grep"
    root      3163  3041  0 10:56 pts/0    00:00:00 docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip 0.0.0.0 -host-port 32768 -container-ip 172.17.0.1 -container-port 5000
    [root@201 ~]# netstat -npl|grep 32768
    tcp        0      0 :::32768                    :::*                        LISTEN      3163/docker-proxy 
    [root@201 ~]# ifconfig
    docker0   Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 82:EA:95:80:A9:F3  
              inet addr:172.17.42.1  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.0.0
              inet6 addr: fe80::c057:bbff:fe36:55cf/64 Scope:Link
              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
              RX packets:9 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
              TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
              RX bytes:612 (612.0 b)  TX bytes:468 (468.0 b)
    
    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:DD:0D:82  
              inet addr:192.168.1.201  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
              inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fedd:d82/64 Scope:Link
              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
              RX packets:469 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
              TX packets:304 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
              RX bytes:46223 (45.1 KiB)  TX bytes:67929 (66.3 KiB)
    

    宿主机的ip是192.168.1.201,我们访问这个web服务器,通过宿主机上的浏览器访问http://192.168.1.201:32768/,看到输出

    Hello world!
    

    4.制作属于自己的镜像

    突发奇想,制作一个mysql镜像,然后在自己服务器上开一堆mysql的服务,提供不同端口来访问,搞个集群什么的,呵呵

    首先创建一个目录/data/mysql,并创建一个Dockerfile文件,文件内容如下
    vim Dockerfile

    FROM centos6:centos6
    MAINTAINER liberalman "361509573@qq.com"
    
    RUN yum install -y mysql-server
    
    RUN service mysqld start &&\
            mysql -e "grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by 'testpass';"&&\
            mysql -u root -e "show databases;"
    
    VOLUME ["/data/volume1"]
    EXPOSE 3306
    

    在Dockerfile所在目录下运行build命令来生成image文件,指定文件名mysql_test

    [root@201 mysql]# docker build -t mysql_test ./
    ...
    Starting mysqld:  [  OK  ]
    Database
    information_schema
    mysql
    test
    ...
    Successfully built ac45bc85be5e
    创建成功,查看镜像
    [root@201 ~]# docker images mysql_test
    REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED              VIRTUAL SIZE
    mysql_test          latest              ac45bc85be5e        About a minute ago   374.3 MB
    

    这会创建一个在centos6系统上安装的mysql服务器,镜像名称是mysql_test,同时也会将centos6系统下载到本地来。好嘞,启动下

    [root@201 ~]# docker run --name=mysqlserver -d -P mysql_test
    a903be8b69fe540395e61a6cff3db16cf944ca1177cb581f7e591247a12b0737
    [root@201 ~]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                     NAMES
    a903be8b69fe        mysql_test         "/usr/bin/mysqld_saf   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:32769->3306/tcp   mysqlserver 
    

    容器内的数据库已经启动了,而且映射到宿主机32769端口,连接下

    [root@201 mysql]# mysql -hlocalhost -uroot -P 32769            
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 4
    Server version: 5.1.73 Source distribution
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql>
    

    连接正常,mysql可以用了。既然是用docker,我们就要体现它的牛逼之处,所以我要启动2个以上的mysql容器,以后用来做数据库集群也可以啊,哈哈

    [root@201 ~]# docker run -p 3307:3306 --name=mysqlserver1 -d -P mysql_test1 
    8126d375d2f832a0381704424b45669178bc718598c1c8fa8868587455df6fed
    [root@201 ~]# docker run -p 3308:3306 --name=mysqlserver2 -d -P mysql_test  
    ad920abde38b249e35600bf75f64bc44e7a007b399995e4e0fa17e7c9e5ed1a2
    [root@201 ~]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                     NAMES
    ad920abde38b        mysql_test         "/usr/bin/mysqld_saf   21 seconds ago      Up 20 seconds       0.0.0.0:3308->3306/tcp    mysqlserver2
    8126d375d2f8        mysql_test         "/usr/bin/mysqld_saf   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:3307->3306/tcp    mysqlserver1        
    a903be8b69fe        mysql_test         "/usr/bin/mysqld_saf   34 minutes ago       Up 34 minutes       0.0.0.0:32769->3306/tcp   mysqlserver 
    

    看吧,启动三个容器,分别按32769、3307、3308三个不同的端口连接都OK,数据库相互独立不影响。

    做了以上的活还不够,如果真的要在生产环境中使用多个mysql,最好在Dockerfile文件中设置容器中mysql的datadir目录挂载宿主机目录下,以便将真实产生的数据写入到宿主机中,否则容器一关闭所有的数据就丢失了,当然不同容器挂载到宿主机中的目录一定要不同,千万不要数据混淆了

    VOLUME ["/var/lib/mysql"]
    

    好了,到此写了很多,先写到这里,接下来研究怎么做弹性伸缩和扩容!

    5.docker命令

    关闭容器

    • docker stop 容器名
    • docker kill 容器名

    杀死所有正在运行的容器

    • docker kill $(docker ps -a -q)

    删除所有已经停止的容器

    • docker rm $(docker ps -a

    删除所有未打 dangling 标签的镜像

    • docker rmi $(docker images -q -f dangling=true)

    通过image id删除镜像

    • docker rmi -f <image id>

    删除所有镜像

    • docker rmi $(docker images -q)

    搜索和centos相关的镜像

    [root@201 data]# docker search centos
    NAME                          DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
    centos                        The official build of CentOS.                   2453      [OK]       
    jdeathe/centos-ssh            CentOS-6 6.8 x86_64 / CentOS-7 7.2.1511 x8...   26                   [OK]
    nimmis/java-centos            This is docker images of CentOS 7 with dif...   13                   [OK]
    million12/centos-supervisor   Base CentOS-7 with supervisord launcher, h...   12                   [OK]
    consol/centos-xfce-vnc        Centos container with "headless" VNC sessi...   10                   [OK]
    torusware/speedus-centos      Always updated official CentOS docker imag...   8                    [OK]
    nickistre/centos-lamp         LAMP on centos setup                            4                    [OK]
    ...
    

    查看运行中某个容器的进程,容器id是f41d95a52943

    [root@201 data]# docker top f41d95a52943
    UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
    root                5845                5388                0                   14:23               pts/2               00:00:00            /bin/bash
    

    查询日志

    • docker logs <容器id>

    6.遇到问题

    1.启动失败,查看日志文件后,发现
    symbol dm_task_get_info_with_deferred_remove, version Base not defined in file libdevmapper.so.1.02 with link time reference

    解决办法:执行:yum upgrade device-mapper-libs

    2.Error response from daemon: Cannot start container d9bf569e3f0db33bc3d800cca4e6be1ccf7ac89e91951ba6486e3239f92516a5: [8] System error: mountpoint for cgroup not found

    解决办法:因为cgroup在宿主机上没有挂载。

    vim /etc/fstab

    none /sys/fs/cgroup cgroup defaults 0 0

    重启机器,docker也重启下即可

    3.Conflict. The name "mysqlserver" is already in use by container 19a5ab1401f6

    命名冲突问题,删掉

    docker rm mysqlserver


    创建于 2016-07-21 杭州,更新于 2016-07-22 杭州。

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