枚举——静态常量

在java中枚举有个特点，枚举实例的定义要求在枚举类型的第一行， 而且，枚举构造器的调用，会在static块的调用之前。
这里给出例子：

源java文件 EnumDemo.java:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public enum EnumDemo {
    ONE(1), TWO(2);

    private final static List<Integer> vals;
    static {
        System.out.println("fetch instance from static");
        vals = new ArrayList<>();
        EnumDemo[] values = EnumDemo.values();
        for (EnumDemo value : values) {
            vals.add(value.val);
        }
    }

    private int val;
    EnumDemo(int val){
        this.val = val;
        System.out.println("create instance:" + val);
    }
}

如果使用EnumDemo这个枚举，会得到如下输出:

create instance:1
create instance:2
fetch instance from static

可以看到构造器调用发生在static块之前，这是什么原因呢？

下面观察一下上面代码对应的bytecode。使用javac把源java文件编译成class文件, 然后对class文件使用javap， javap -c EnumDemo.class, 得到：

Compiled from "EnumDemo.java"
public final class EnumDemo extends java.lang.Enum<EnumDemo> {
  public static final EnumDemo ONE;

  public static final EnumDemo TWO;

  public static EnumDemo[] values();
    Code:
       0: getstatic     #1                  // Field $VALUES:[LEnumDemo;
       3: invokevirtual #2                  // Method "[LEnumDemo;".clone:()Ljava/lang/Object;
       6: checkcast     #3                  // class "[LEnumDemo;"
       9: areturn       

  public static EnumDemo valueOf(java.lang.String);
    Code:
       0: ldc_w         #4                  // class EnumDemo
       3: aload_0       
       4: invokestatic  #5                  // Method java/lang/Enum.valueOf:(Ljava/lang/Class;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Enum;
       7: checkcast     #4                  // class EnumDemo
      10: areturn       

  static {};
    Code:
       0: new           #4                  // class EnumDemo
       3: dup           
       4: ldc           #16                 // String ONE
       6: iconst_0      
       7: iconst_1      
       8: invokespecial #17                 // Method "<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;II)V
      11: putstatic     #18                 // Field ONE:LEnumDemo;
      14: new           #4                  // class EnumDemo
      17: dup           
      18: ldc           #19                 // String TWO
      20: iconst_1      
      21: iconst_2      
      22: invokespecial #17                 // Method "<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;II)V
      25: putstatic     #20                 // Field TWO:LEnumDemo;
      28: iconst_2      
      29: anewarray     #4                  // class EnumDemo
      32: dup           
      33: iconst_0      
      34: getstatic     #18                 // Field ONE:LEnumDemo;
      37: aastore       
      38: dup           
      39: iconst_1      
      40: getstatic     #20                 // Field TWO:LEnumDemo;
      43: aastore       
      44: putstatic     #1                  // Field $VALUES:[LEnumDemo;
      47: getstatic     #8                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      50: ldc           #21                 // String fetch instance from static
      52: invokevirtual #15                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      55: new           #22                 // class java/util/ArrayList
      58: dup           
      59: invokespecial #23                 // Method java/util/ArrayList."<init>":()V
      62: putstatic     #24                 // Field vals:Ljava/util/List;
      65: invokestatic  #25                 // Method values:()[LEnumDemo;
      68: astore_0      
      69: aload_0       
      70: astore_1      
      71: aload_1       
      72: arraylength   
      73: istore_2      
      74: iconst_0      
      75: istore_3      
      76: iload_3       
      77: iload_2       
      78: if_icmpge     109
      81: aload_1       
      82: iload_3       
      83: aaload        
      84: astore        4
      86: getstatic     #24                 // Field vals:Ljava/util/List;
      89: aload         4
      91: getfield      #7                  // Field val:I
      94: invokestatic  #26                 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
      97: invokeinterface #27,  2           // InterfaceMethod java/util/List.add:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
     102: pop           
     103: iinc          3, 1
     106: goto          76
     109: return        
}

可见，枚举实例也是static的，而且必须在第一行定义，就满足了，是整个枚举类的头部static块。所以会先执行。