今天是4月10日周三,早上在婺源县城吃了早饭,就往我们自驾的第三站安微宏村出发,因我们订了晚上西递景区外的房,所以从容的出发,120多公里,不到两小时就到了,今天计划就游宏村。
十点半左右到了宏村,准备去买票,结果遇到安微旅游第二季度的优惠,60周岁出示身份证就能进入,这省事儿了,掏出身份证就往入口走。
宏村是国家首批12个历史文化名村之一,是国家5A级景区;有“画里乡村”之称,目前宏村完好保存明清民居140余幢。
宏村的建筑主要是住宅和私家园林,也有书院和祠堂等,建筑比较完整,各类建筑都注重雕饰,木雕、砖雕和石雕等细腻精美,具有极高的艺术价值。村内街巷大都傍水而建,民居也都围绕着月沼布局。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/c9986beda98cf1d4.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/deef709ca00ce05d.jpg)
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从南门进入公园就是南湖,这是公园著名景点,也有水面,水面有一个拱形桥叫画桥,特别是有对面的南湖书院,粉墙黛瓦,典型的徽派山水画卷。加上今天蓝天白云,有一种可遇不可求的感觉。
■南湖:
位于宏村的南面,进南门就是南湖;宏村古村落仿牛形风水建筑的二个牛胃之一,建于明代万历年间,距今已有400多年历史。
宏村仿西湖平湖秋月式样建成;湖成大弓形,原来古树参天,苍翠欲滴,垂柳婀娜,有黄山脚下小西湖之称。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/fe5f477b4fb0b23b.jpg)
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南湖边上,坐满了写生的人。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/9ea316b00ee0d07a.jpg)
调几张黑白照,更有年代感。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/2fcafbb7f31dcafc.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/83aea54039239891.jpg)
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■南湖书院:
位于南湖北岸,是中国古代私家书院的代表之一;建于明代,距今已有500多年的历史;它以独特的建筑风格和丰富的文化内涵而闻名于世,被誉为“江南四大书院”之一。
它是由六所私塾组成,又称“依湖六院”,以供子弟读书求学,徽商把读书和做官、经商融为一体,十户之村,不废诵读,贾而好儒是徽商的一大特色,徽商注重家乡的教育投资,南湖书院就是其中的一处。它是嘉庆十九年,洪村人汪以文的挚友~浙江闽道学政史罗文聘来南湖游览,见到这里风景如画,向村中汪氏贤达建议将依湖六院合并重建,扩大规模,于是汪以文就带头出资,村人纷纷集资出力,选址于宏村风景秀美的地方。四年后,一座宽敞、明亮、雄伟、华丽的建筑建成,建筑材料考究,绝不亚于家族的中心祠堂。为表彰汪以文在建造书院中的功绩,村人把这座书院取名为“以文家塾”,又称“南湖书院”;两百多年来,南湖书院培养了大批名人学士,如民国总理大臣汪大燮,现在他已经成为安徽省重点文物保护单位。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/57c02cfbde048cd1.jpg)
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![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/09b82ebab1cd17bd.jpg)
■月沼
月沼位于宏村的中心,形状像半月,所以叫“月沼”,亦称“月塘,系牛形古水系的“牛胃”,是宏村最美的地方。
明永乐年间,宏村人汪辛和夫人胡重娘发现村中有一泓天然泉水,于是三次聘请休宁有一位风水先生何可达,遍阅山川,祥审脉络,制定扩大宏村基址,及进行村落的全面的规划。使他呈牛形水系蓝图,引西溪水环村绕屋,九曲十湾作为牛肠,顺着牛肠就可以走到牛的胃,也就是月沼。
据说月沼设计成半月形,寓意月满则亏。月沼水平如镜,四周青石环绕、粉墙黛瓦,呈现给人们一幅美丽的山水画卷;卧虎藏龙等多部影片来此取景。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/74f5b679c478e8f9.jpg)
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上几张黑白图片
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/bf596a464474773e.jpg)
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■乐叙堂:
在月沼正中,是汪氏祠堂~乐叙堂。
又名众家厅,建于明永乐年间,祠堂由门楼厅、前院、议事厅、享堂四部分组成,是家族中开会、祭祖、议事、惩罚、婚嫁的场所。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/8b8d9ac5ddacb5b5.jpg)
下图中有三幅汪氏祖先彩色画像,中间是汪氏元祖,天下第一个姓汪的人,祖籍山东,是周文王姬昌的后代;右边穿战袍的是越国公汪华,是整个徽州姓汪的祖先;左侧画像是宏村姓汪的祖先。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/8249e56a29ef9554.jpg)
这个祠堂最罕见的是正厅上挂着一位女姓画像,是宏村水系施工的总策划胡重娘,她是宏村76世祖汪氏家族族长汪辛的夫人,汪辛常年在外为官,宗族中的事务全部委托给贤能的夫人打理,在古代,女子再有才能也不允许搞风水,但胡重娘力邀他父亲生前的好友休宁风水师何可达来宏村堪察,在背后出谋画策,历时十年,引来西溪水,完成宏村人工水系工程,设计完成“牛形村落”,为宏村600年持续建设创造了最佳的自然供水系统和村庄水景。汪氏后人一代代感受到胡重娘带来的福祉,认为她的贡献远大于宗族男性,于是将胡重娘画像与巾国丈夫的匾额挂在祠堂,让后人永远不要忘记这位伟大的女性。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/c6b06f49845b9016.jpg)
三阶四柱五楼的贴墙式门楼大门,门框是大理石,门扇为板门,整个大门气牌,就像一座牌楼。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/746ae7977414ab8f.jpg)
楼门正中刻有“恩荣”两个字,两侧为石刻盘龙纹饰,显示了当时汪氏家族有极高的政治地位和社会影响。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/da0072fbf2f8f53d.jpg)
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在进门楼和天井之前,立有一黑漆长屏,正面是《思齐公乐趣叙堂记略》,记录了宏村76世祖汪思齐邀好友县尹黄彪为汪氏宗祠取名的全过程;背面是朱熹家训,可见当时皖南地区是很推崇程朱理学,。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/bb576bd5c6493c76.jpg)
祠堂的雕刻
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/a90e2411989a24d8.jpg)
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■敬修堂:
建于清代道光年间,距今已有180年的历史,占地面积286m²,正厅为后二单元,三间二楼结构,木雕造型独特,线面严谨,庭院内石砌花坛,置石鱼池,是保存完好的典型徽派建筑,院内两侧还有二株百年牡丹,实属民间罕见。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/0b386883d40628bf.jpg)
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大厅开了一个小卖店。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/22bf610fde51ba0d.jpg)
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百年牡丹,花开得有点过了。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/105868fecd9e2244.jpg)
■承志堂:
建于咸丰五年,距今140多年,是清末盐商汪定贵的住宅,砖木结构,全屋有木柱136根,大小天井九个,七处楼层,大小60间,建筑面积3000平方米。
是宏村首富的家,被称为民居故宫。里面木雕就凃了一百两黄金,其他地方更是精致奢华,无与伦比。
承志堂木雕,大多层次繁复,人物众多,且人不同面,面不同神,有较高艺术价值,当年找了20名雕刻大师花了4年才把整个大堂的木雕给雕完。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/d631404a129f6622.jpg)
中堂,条案东边是花瓶,西边是镜子,中间一口钟,当钟声响起时,那是终生平静。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/71b3d470f8226c49.jpg)
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这是父母住的屋,条案上摆的是福、禄、寿。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/283139749429b76f.jpg)
梁上的木雕
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/cd9947ff6e263bc7.jpg)
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在大厅左右各放一个半圆形的桌子,拼在一起是一张整的桌子,分开放在两边的意思是,代表男主人不在家(男主人出去经商或做官),宾客不方便进来;当男主人回来之后,就将这两个半圆桌拼起来,放在中堂,宾客一看桌子拼起来了,就代表着能够进来拜访了。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/3dbaa7cc79855512.jpg)
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在大厅左边一个角落里是管家的房间,门口就是鱼塘,养养好多大锦鲤。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/05b8d744eee46e19.jpg)
■树人堂:
建于同治元年,约260平米,是二楼三间结构,花园水池,独具匠心,全屋宅基呈六边形,取“六合大顺”之意,正厅、偏厅背靠水圳,座北朝南,天花彩绘飞金走彩,厅堂东侧利用有限空地建一小鱼塘,活水长流,院里共有两个小书房,外门为八字门楼,内置悬枋栏板,树人堂为“百业须精,儿孙当教”之意,寓意深远。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/31fd45791d9563ec.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/45aaa9995dff1e6e.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/cc656ad3ffa68913.jpg)
■桃园居
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/b075792f1288cc7a.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/4d086f4619b5294d.jpg)
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![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/9b288c0580e48595.jpg)
■望月堂:
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/ac75ae98fc543526.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/f9ef30a780354751.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/d576b3b86e8ca3e4.jpg)
■古红杨树
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/2739b3c78440e03b.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/b5955fffc8d12275.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/a8ad7a1428f60253.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/4793f5663ff90d3f.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/841c17793f3ae970.jpg)
宏村随拍
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/2f0651577577ca17.jpg)
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上几张旅游照
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5272384/dd541bda127ab5f3.jpg)
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游览完宏村差不多下午2:30分,去到西递,看夜景,今天入住西递景区外。
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