美文网首页
Rabbitmq 使用小记

Rabbitmq 使用小记

作者: millions_chan | 来源:发表于2017-04-02 22:47 被阅读4032次

    消息队列是后台开发常用的中间件,使用消息队列有下列好处:1、可以使系统异步化,降低响应时间;2、减少不同模块的耦合;3、消除峰值,避免并发请求过多系统无法响应。RabbitMQ 是一个使用 Erlang 开发的消息队列。相比其他消息队列,RabbitMQ 的优势在于文档较全,支持多种客户端。本篇文章简单总结一下 RabbitMQ 的基本概念,使用例子、以及常用的命令行操作。

    RabbitMQ 基本概念


    • producer: producer 是一个发送消息的应用
    • queue: queue 用来存储 producer 发送的消息
    • consumer: consumer是接收并处理消息的应用
    • exchange:producer 并不会直接将消息发送到 queue 上,而是将消息发送给 exchange,由 exchange 按照一定规则转发给指定队列

    其中,exchange 主要有:fanout、direct、topic。在下一部分,就给出几个不同类型的 exchange 的使用实例。

    使用例子


    fanout

    fanout

    上图中,P 代表 producer,X 代表 exchange,红色的矩形代表 queue。在 X 的类型为 fanout 的情况下,exchange 将会向所有 queue 广播消息。

    下面是 producer 的代码:

    import java.io.IOException;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    
    public class EmitLog {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv)
                      throws java.io.IOException {
    
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
            
            //声明一个 exchange 
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
    
            String message = getMessage(argv);
            
            //向指定 exchange 发送一个消息。由于是 fanout 模式, routing key 为空
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
        //...
    }
    

    对于 consumer:

    import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    
    public class ReceiveLogs {
      private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
    
      public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        
        //声明 exchange
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
        // 生命一个队列,名字随机
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        //将队列绑定到 exchange 上
        channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
    
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
    
        //consumer 简单的将接收到的消息打印出来
        Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
          @Override
          public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope,
                                     AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
            String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
          }
        };
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
      }
    }
    

    启动多个 consumer 实例,再运行 producer 发送一个消息,可以看到多个 consumer 会同时将消息打印出来。

    direct

    direct

    与 fanout 不同的是,direct 模式下 exchange 在转发消息时会考虑不同队列绑定时指定的 exchange key 是否与消息的 routing key 相同。注意,同一个队列可以绑定多个不同的 exchange key。一个使用场景是将 debug、info、warn、error 等不同级别的日志发送到不同的 queue,分别进行处理:

    producer 代码:

    public class EmitLogDirect {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv)
                      throws java.io.IOException {
    
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
    
            String severity = getSeverity(argv);
            String message = getMessage(argv);
    
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, severity, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + severity + "':'" + message + "'");
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
        //..
    }
    

    consumer 代码:

    import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    
    public class ReceiveLogsDirect {
    
      private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_logs";
    
      public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
    
        if (argv.length < 1){
          System.err.println("Usage: ReceiveLogsDirect [info] [warning] [error]");
          System.exit(1);
        }
    
        for(String severity : argv){
          channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, severity);
        }
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
    
        Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
          @Override
          public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope,
                                     AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
            String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + envelope.getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
          }
        };
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
      }
    }
    

    上面的代码中,producer 在发送时指定了日志级别,而 consumer 则将自己的 queue 绑定在命令行传入的的若干 exchange key 上。可以看到,只有绑定了对应的 exchange key,consumer 才能接收到 producer 发来的信息。

    topic

    topic exchange 与 direct exchange 类似,不过 topic exchange 的 routing key 必须是由 . 分割,并且 topic exchange 支持队列绑定exchange key 时使用通配符。可以使用的通配符有:

    • * 可以表示任何单独的单词
    • # 可以表示0个或任意多个单词.
    topic

    比如上图,quick.orange.rabbit 会被转发给Q1和Q2,同样,'lazy.orange.elephant' 也会被同时转发给Q1和Q2。当队列绑定exchange 时的 exchange key 不包含通配符时,topic exchange 其实与 direct exchange 相同。而 exchange key 为 # 时,topic exchange 又可以看做一个 fanout exchange。

    producer 示例:

    public class EmitLogTopic {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv)
                      throws Exception {
    
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
    
            String routingKey = getRouting(argv);
            String message = getMessage(argv);
    
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + routingKey + "':'" + message + "'");
    
            connection.close();
        }
        //...
    }
    

    consumer 示例:

    import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    
    public class ReceiveLogsTopic {
      private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";
    
      public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
    
        if (argv.length < 1) {
          System.err.println("Usage: ReceiveLogsTopic [binding_key]...");
          System.exit(1);
        }
    
        for (String bindingKey : argv) {
          channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, bindingKey);
        }
    
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
    
        Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
          @Override
          public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope,
                                     AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
            String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + envelope.getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
          }
        };
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
      }
    }
    

    消息的持久化

    一般情况下,在 RabbitMQ crash 或者是被人为关闭后,队列和队列中的消息都将消失。如果需要消息持久化,需要进行如下配置:

    1. 告诉rabbitMQ 需要将队列持久化:
    ```java
    boolean durable = true;
    channel.queueDeclare("hello", durable, false, false, null);
    ```
    
    1. 发送消息时在消息的 property 中设置消息持久化
    ```java
    channel.basicPublish("", "task_queue",
            MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN,
            message.getBytes());
    ```
    

    不过这种持久化还不能保证消息完全不丢失。虽然这种方式会告诉 RabbitMQ 将消息存储到磁盘中,但是在收到消息到存储到磁盘之间还有一段时间窗口。其次,RabbitMQ 并不会每次都进行 fsync 操作,这样消息其实是批量被存储到磁盘上的。如果需要确保每个消息都不丢失,可以使用 publisher confirm

    autoAck

    consumer 在消费消息时,可以选择是否进行 autoAck。如果 autoAck 为true,一旦消息被投递给 consumer 后,就会被直接删除。这样如果在处理消息时 consumer 挂了,这个消息就永远丢失了。通过关闭 autoAck,我们可以在完成逻辑后自己对消息进行 ack:

    channel.basicQos(1); // accept only one unack-ed message at a time (see below)
    
    final Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
      @Override
      public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
        String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
    
        System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
        try {
          doWork(message);
        } finally {
          System.out.println(" [x] Done");
          channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), false);
        }
      }
    };
    boolean autoAck = false;
    channel.basicConsume(TASK_QUEUE_NAME, autoAck, consumer);
    

    常用cmdline 命令


    1. 启动 RabbitMQ 并从shell detach
    sudo rabbitmq-server -detached
    
    1. 列出所有 exchange 或 binding
    sudo rabbitmqctl list_exchanges
    rabbitmqctl list_queues
    
    1. 添加一个用户
    rabbitmqctl  add_user  Username  Password
    
    1. 展示所有用户
    rabbitmqctl  list_users
    
    1. 删除用户
    rabbitmqctl  delete_user  Username
    
    1. 设置用户tag
    rabbitmqctl  set_user_tags  User  Tag
    
    1. 设置用户权限 (RabbitMQ有虚拟主机的概念呢,默认的vhost 为 /)
    rabbitmqctl  set_permissions -p /vhost Usernames '.*' '.*' '.*'
    set_permissions [-p <vhost>] <user> <conf> <write> <read>
    

    其他一些命令可以查看官网文档。

    使用 RabbitMQ 实现延时消息


    延迟消息有很多使用场景,比如收货后24小时自动给订单好评、创建订单4小时未支付将订单关闭并返回库存等。实现延时消息有很多种思路,这里介绍如何使用 RabbitMQ 的 Dead letter exchange 来简单的实现延时消息。

    下面是的代码整合 spring 与 rabbitMQ,通过 Java Config 来进行配置:

     //创建 connectionFactory 
     @Bean
      public ConnectionFactory connectionFactory() {
        CachingConnectionFactory connectionFactory =
            new CachingConnectionFactory(host, Integer.parseInt(port));
        connectionFactory.setUsername(username);
        connectionFactory.setPassword(password);
        return connectionFactory;
      }
      
     // RabbitAdmin 
      @Bean
      public AmqpAdmin amqpAdmin() {
        return new RabbitAdmin(connectionFactory());
      }
      
      //接收并处理消息的队列
      @Bean
      Queue queue() {
        return QueueBuilder.durable(queueName)
            .build();
      }
      
      //创建一个topicExchange
      @Bean
      TopicExchange exchange() {
        return new TopicExchange(exchange);
      }
    
      // 使用exchangeKey将队列绑定到exchange上
      @Bean
      Binding binding() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(queue()).to(exchange()).with(exchangeKey);
      }
      
      //用户创建 MessageDispatcher 用于处理消息
      @Bean
      MessageDispatcher messageDispatcher() {
        return new RabbitmqMessageDispatcher();
      }
      
      //配置消息将由RabbitmqMessageDispatcher的dispatch方法处理
      @Bean
      MessageListenerAdapter listenerAdapter() {
        return new MessageListenerAdapter(messageDispatcher(), "dispatch");
      }
    
      //设置消息处理失败时的重试策略
      @Bean
      public StatefulRetryOperationsInterceptor statefulRetryOperationsInterceptor() {
        return RetryInterceptorBuilder.stateful()
            .maxAttempts(retryNum)
            .backOffOptions(initRetryInterval,
                retryMultiplier,
                retryMaxInterval) // initialInterval, multiplier, maxInterval
            .build();
      }
    
      //避免由于客户端没有带messageId导致receiver出现问题
      @Bean
      public MissingMessageIdAdvice missingIdAdvice() {
        return new MissingMessageIdAdvice(new MapRetryContextCache());
      }
      
      // 进行消息转换 这里是将byte[]转为String
      @Bean
      MessageConverter simpleMessageConverter() {
        SimpleMessageConverter messageConverter = new SimpleMessageConverter();
        messageConverter.setCreateMessageIds(true);
        return messageConverter;
      }
    
      //配置consumer以及对应的队列
      @Bean
      SimpleMessageListenerContainer container() {
        SimpleMessageListenerContainer container
            = new SimpleMessageListenerContainer();
        container.setConnectionFactory(connectionFactory());
        container.setQueueNames(queueName);
        container.setMessageListener(listenerAdapter());
        container.setAdviceChain(
            new Advice[] {missingIdAdvice(), statefulRetryOperationsInterceptor()});
        container.setMessageConverter(simpleMessageConverter());
        return container;
      }
      
      //延时队列 注意配置 x-dead-letter-exchange x-dead-letter-routing-key
      @Bean
      Queue delayQueue() {
        return QueueBuilder.
            durable(delayQueueName).
            autoDelete().
            withArgument("x-dead-letter-exchange", exchange).
            withArgument("x-dead-letter-routing-key", exchangeKey).
            build();
      }
    
      //创建延时exchange
      @Bean
      TopicExchange delayExchange() {
        return new TopicExchange(delayExchange);
      }
      
      //将延时队列与延时 exchangeKey 绑定
      @Bean
      Binding delayQueueBinding() {
        return BindingBuilder.
            bind(delayQueue()).
            to(delayExchange()).
            with(delayExchangeKey);
      }
    

    这样,producer 发送消息时设置消息的 expiration 属性,然后将消息发送到延时exchange,而后在 expiration 时间后消息将被转发到x-dead-letter-exchange 指定的 exchange 去,而后被正常消费,实现了延时消息功能。

    相关文章

      网友评论

          本文标题:Rabbitmq 使用小记

          本文链接:https://www.haomeiwen.com/subject/ubggottx.html