Django REST框架（DRF Django REST framework）是一个强大而灵活的工具包，用于构建Web API。在本教程中，我们将学习如何在短短15分钟内使用Django REST框架构建CRUD API。
什么是Django？
Django是一个免费的、开源的、基于Python的Web框架，它遵循模型-视图-模板（MVT Model-View-Template）架构模式。它减少了网络开发的麻烦，因此你可以专注于编写你的应用程序，而不是重新发明车轮。
什么是REST API？
REST API是系统暴露有用功能和数据的一种流行方式。REST是表示状态转移的意思，它可以由一个或多个资源组成，这些资源可以通过给定的URL访问，并以各种格式返回，如JSON、图片、HTML等。
Django REST框架
Django REST框架（DRF）是一个强大而灵活的工具包，用于构建Web APIs。它的主要优点是序列化更加容易。
Django REST框架是基于Django的基于类的视图，所以如果你熟悉Django，它是一个很好的选择。它采用了基于类的视图、表单、模型验证器、QuerySet等实现。
环境准备
# pip install django
# pip install django_rest_framework
$ django-admin startproject todo
$ django-admin startapp todo_api
$ python manage.py migrate
在todo/todo/settings.py文件内的INSTALLED_APPS中加入rest_framework和todo。
# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'rest_framework',
'todo_api'
]
在todo/todo_api中创建serializers.py和urls.py文件，并按照下面的目录结构配置添加新的文件。
├── todo
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
└── todo_api
├── admin.py
├── serializers.py
├── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── urls.py
└── views.py
请确保在你的 urls.py 文件中包含 rest_framework 和 URLs，如下所示。
# todo/todo/urls.py : Main urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from todo_api import urls as todo_urls
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')),
path('todos/', include(todo_urls)),
]
# todo/todo_api/urls.py : API urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.urls import path, include
from .views import (
TodoListApiView,
)
urlpatterns = [
path('api', TodoListApiView.as_view()),
]
# todo/todo_api/views.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework import permissions
from .models import Todo
from .serializers import TodoSerializer
class TodoListApiView(APIView):
# add permission to check if user is authenticated
permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticated]
# 1. List all
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''
List all the todo items for given requested user
'''
todos = Todo.objects.filter(user = request.user.id)
serializer = TodoSerializer(todos, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
# 2. Create
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''
Create the Todo with given todo data
'''
data = {
'task': request.data.get('task'),
'completed': request.data.get('completed'),
'user': request.user.id
}
serializer = TodoSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
# todo/todo_api/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class Todo(models.Model):
task = models.CharField(max_length = 180)
timestamp = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True, auto_now = False, blank = True)
completed = models.BooleanField(default = False, blank = True)
updated = models.DateTimeField(auto_now = True, blank = True)
user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete = models.CASCADE, blank = True, null = True)
def __str__(self):
return self.task
# todo/todo_api/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.conf import settings
class Todo(models.Model):
task = models.CharField(max_length = 180)
timestamp = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True, auto_now = False, blank = True)
completed = models.BooleanField(default = False, blank = True)
updated = models.DateTimeField(auto_now = True, blank = True)
user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete = models.CASCADE, blank = True, null = True)
def __str__(self):
return self.task
# todo/todo_api/serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Todo
class TodoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Todo
fields = ["task", "completed", "timestamp", "updated", "user"]
$ python manage.py makemigrations
$ python manage.py migrate
接下来，创建一个超级用户。我们稍后会再来讨论这个问题。
python manage.py createsuperuser
完整代码下载：django-REST-demo.zip: (访问密码: 2274) 无需注册，点击普通下载就好。
RESTful结构：GET、POST、PUT和DELETE方法
在RESTful API中，端点用GET、POST、PUT和DELETE等HTTP方法定义结构和用法。
参考资料
- 本文涉及的python测试开发库 谢谢点赞！
- 本文相关海量书籍下载
- https://blog.logrocket.com/django-rest-framework-create-api/#restful-structure-get-post-put-delete-methods
演示
# curl POST
$ curl -d '{"task":"hello","completed":false}' -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8008/todos/api
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 162 100 128 100 34 9922 2635 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 13500{"task":"hello","completed":false,"timestamp":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","updated":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","user":null}
# curl GET
$ curl http://localhost:8008/todos/api
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 416 100 416 0 0 96924 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 135k[{"id":1,"task":"New Task","completed":false,"timestamp":"2023-02-14T07:01:18.488881Z","updated":"2023-02-14T07:01:18.488881Z","user":null},{"id":2,"task":"my_login4","completed":false,"timestamp":"2023-02-14T07:08:24.215626Z","updated":"2023-02-14T07:08:24.215626Z","user":null},{"id":3,"task":"hello","completed":false,"timestamp":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","updated":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","user":null}]
$ curl http://localhost:8008/todos/api/3/
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 135 100 135 0 0 25153 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 27000{"id":3,"task":"hello","completed":false,"timestamp":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","updated":"2023-02-14T07:21:42.196527Z","user":null}
上面content部分可以输入如下内容
{
"task": "New Task",
"completed": false
}
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