前一篇列举完前缀,这篇开始后缀。讲真,后缀比前缀有意思多了。
前缀一般不改变词根词性,但是也有例外。后缀则不然,后缀改变词性。依据所构成新词的词性,将后缀分为四大类,分别为名词后缀,形容词后缀,副词后缀。下面一一列举。超多的。
一、名词后缀,即加上后缀后的新词词性为名词。这一类后缀又根据词根词性的不同,分为
(一)放在名词后面
1、 将名词转化成具体名词
-eer meaning skilled in/ engaged in
engineer 工程师
profiteer 牟取暴利的人
mountaineer 登山运动员
-er meaning as dominant characteristic, denizen(居民) of
teenager 青少年
Londoner 伦敦人
glover手套制造商
northwester 西北风
-ess meaning female
hostess 女主人 priestess女牧师
-ette meaning compact (小巧的)
kitchenette 小厨房
dinette 小餐食
cigarette 香烟 (看来cigar挺大支的)
-ette also meaning imitation and female
leatherette 人造革
flannelette 棉织法兰绒
usherette 女引座员
-let meaning small; unimportant
droplet 小滴
booklet 小册子
starlet 尚未成名的年轻女演员(不是小星星)
-ster meaning involved in
gangster 匪徒
songster 歌手(和singer什么区别??)
trickster 骗子
2、将名词转化成抽象名词
-age meaning measure of, process or state
storage: 贮存空间
wastage: 浪费
mileage: 英里数
footage连续镜头
coverage覆盖面;新闻报道
-dom meaning state; condition
officialdom 官场
kingdom王国
stardom 名演员的身份
-ery/-ry meaning condition or behaviour associated with
slavery
savagery
-ery/-ry also meaning place
bakery 面包店
winery 葡萄酒厂
-hood meaning state or condition
adulthood 成年
spinsterhood 老处女身份
-ful meaning amount contained in
armful 一抱之量
houseful 一屋
mouthful 一满口
spoonful 一匙
-ing meaning the material of
tubing 管类
matting 编垫子材料
carpetting 地毯织料
-ing also meaning activity connected with
farming
golfing
-ism meaning doctrine of or practice of
terroism 恐怖主义
sexism 性别歧视
consumerism 消费者权益保护
-ship meaning occupation or position
governorship
authorship
-ship also meaning skill and ability
sportsmanship
craftmanship
also meaning relation
friendship
partnership
accquaintanceship
(二)放在动词后面
1、将动词转化为施事名词
-ant: occupations and participation
informant 提供消息的人
contestant 参赛者
applicant 申请人
-ant also meaning an object or substance
coolant 冷却剂
pollutant 污染物
-ee meaning receiver of the action
addressee: 收件人
employee 雇员
trainee 受培训者
-ent meaning a person or a thing
respondent 被告
correspondent 记者,通信人
-er/-or meaning doer of the action or non-persons
commander 指挥官
photographer 摄影师
cooker 炉灶 mixer 绞盘器 recorder录音机或录像机
elevator 电梯 escalator 自动扶梯
2. 将动词转化为抽象名词
-age meaning action of or instance of
marriage 婚姻
linkage 联系
carriage 运输
-al meaning the process or state of
dismissal 撤职;解雇;不予考虑
survival 幸存
portrayal 表演;描绘
-ance meaning action, process or state
performance 表现
insurance 保险
attendance 出席
-ation,-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion meaning process or state of or product of
imagination 想象
protection 保护
operation 操作;手术
decision决定
-ence meaning action, process or state
adherence 遵守
existence 存在
persistence 坚持不懈
-ing meaning action of
wedding 婚礼 (wed:与……结婚)
opening 开业典礼
savings 储存金
earnings收入
building 建筑物
-ment meaning result of
assessment 评估
resentment 气氛
statement 声明
judgement 看法
(三)放在形容词后面,构成名词
-ity meaning state or condition
productivity
intesity
superiority
常用在以able, al, ar结尾的形容词后,比如
respectability
morality
popularity
-ness meaning state or quality
youthfulness
up-to-dateness
happiness
largeness
(四) 其它:所构成词即可作名词,也可作形容词的后缀
-ese meaning member of or language of
Chinese 中国人;中国的
Lebanese 黎巴嫩人; 黎巴嫩的
also meaning style of
journalese 新闻文体
officialese 公文用语
-an, -ian meaning citizen and language of
Australian 澳大利亚英语;澳大利亚人;澳大利亚的
Cambodian 柬埔寨人;柬埔寨语;柬埔寨的
Elizebethan 伊丽莎白女王一世(时代)的
also meaning adherent to, relating to
Darwinian 达尔文的
shakesperian 莎士比亚(风格)的
-ist meaning adherent to beliefs and behaviour
racist 种族主义分子
socialist 社会主义者
environmentalist 环保主义者
also occupations or study
artist 艺术家
psychiatrist 精神病医师
-ite meaning adherent to or member of
Thatcherite 撒切尔夫人的支持者
二、形容词后缀,即加上后缀后的新词词性为形容词。这一类后缀又根据词根词性的不同,分为
(一)放在名词后面
-ed: 加在n/adj.+n的复合词后面,构成形容词
pear-shaped 梨状的
blue-eyed
giant-sized
wooded
-ful meaning full of, providing
merciful
graceful
tactful
successful
-ish meaning somewhat like, approximately
monkeyish
snobbish
childish
foolish
-ish 可用在形容词词根后,构成新的形容词,表达“稍微,有几分”的含义
wettish 有点潮湿
brownish 带点棕色的
-less meaning without
nameless 无名的
humourless 无幽默感的
also meaning unmeasurable
priceless 无价的
timeless 永恒的
-like meaning like
lady-like 温雅的,风度雍容如贵妇的
dreamlike 如梦的
-ly meaning havin the quality of
soldierly 有军人气质的
cowardly 胆小的
friendly 友好的
also meaning frequency
hourly 每小时一次的
fortnightly 没两周一次的
-y meaning somewhat like, characterized by
flowery 多花的;有花卉图案的
smoky 冒烟的;有烟熏味的
-y also 放在名词后面,表达喜爱之情
doggy 狗狗
birdy 小鸟
(-ly, -like, -ish 三者用在同一词根后面时,其相应新词表达的意义相近,程度依次下降,如
manly 有男子汉气概的 man-like 像男人般的 mannish 男性化的)
-al, -ial, -ical meaning relating to
cultural 文化的
philosophical 哲学的
sentimental 多愁善感的
residential 住宅的
-esque meaning having the properties of
picturesque 如画的
Chaplinesque卓别林式的
-ic meaning resembling, involving, connected with
poetic 有诗意的
historic 历史的
patriotic 爱国的
bureaucratic 官僚主义的
-ous, -eous, -ious, -nous meaning having a particular quality
sensuous 感觉上的,给人以美感的
marvellous 令人惊奇的,极好的
courageous 有勇气的
(二)放在动词后面
-able, -ible showing possiblity
washable 可清洗的
arguable 可论证的
identifiable可辨别的
-ative, -tive, -sive meaning tending to
talkative 健谈的
decisive 果断的
三、副词后缀,即加上后缀后的新词词性为副词。
-ly meaning in ... manner, to a ... degree
gradually 逐渐地
calmly 冷静地
publicly 公开地
-ward, -wards showing direction
homeward 回家的
backward 后退的
skyward 朝向天空的
eastward 向东的
-ward即可作形容词也可做副词,当作副词是,-ward=-wards
-wise meaning in ... manner
clockwise 顺时针方向的
crabwise横斜地
also meaning as far as ... is concerned
moneywise 钱方面
education-wise 教育方面
四、动词后缀,即加上后缀后的新词词性为动词。
-ate meaning give or make or become
originate 起源
validate 使生效
hyphenate 用连字符连接
-en meaning become or make
heighten 加高
strengthen 加强
dampen 使潮湿
-ify, -fy meaning make or endow with
solidify 巩固
glorify 美化
personify 拟人化
-ize, -ise involving or related to
symbolize 象征,代表
visualize 使形象化
Jenny碎碎念:
终!于!整!理!完!了!第一遍整理时全英文,第二遍加上中文,这两个过程下来,感觉从英文释义去理解更顺畅一些,也有趣一些。虽然上面大部分单词都写上了中文意思。
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