DAY 87 Don’t stand so close to m

DAY 87 Don’t stand so close to me

close to   /kləʊz/ 
接近于；在附近

Office design may need to change

design /dɪˈzaɪn/ 
the general arrangement of the different parts of something that is made, such as a building, book, machine, etc.

1 Office working and social distancing really do not mix. The reason why offices exist is to bring colleagues together so they can collaborate. So when employees start to return as pandemic-related restrictions are lifted, they will face a host of challenges.

Office working  日常办公
social distancing  扩大社交距离   
​the practice of keeping a safe distance between yourself and other people in order to prevent the spread of disease

mix
if two or more things, people or activities do not mix, they are likely to cause problems or danger if they are combined
混为一谈
意思是把不同的事物混在一起，当作同样的事物谈论。
相提并论
把不同的人或事物不加区别地混在一起来谈论或者看待

bring together  集合；使…团结起来
to help two people or groups to end a disagreement
 collaborate  /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ 

restrictions    [rɪˈstrɪkʃn]   
n. 限制；限制条件（restriction的复数形式）

lift  /lɪft/   解除禁令
lift something to remove or end controls or limits

a host of  许多，一大群；众多，大量
host   /həʊst/
[c] host of somebody/something a large number of people or things

social distance 社交距离
社会距离(Social Distance)是指个体以自我为基准线,对事件主体与自身关系远近程度的感觉与知觉,例如自我与他人。

2 Start with the basics: getting into the building. In most offices a lot of people tend to leave and arrive at the same time. Keeping them six feet (two metres) apart as they enter may require a queue in the street. Many workers will want to avoid public transport until the pandemic fades from memory, so may cycle to work. But even where offices have changing rooms, they tend to be fairly cramped; hard to keep employees apart. Lifts are an even bigger choke-point. In normal circumstances people who work in high-rises are accustomed to a long wait to reach the top floors. If lifts can only carry two or three people at a time, that wait would lengthen. And imagine the hassle if a group of visitors arrives at once.

at the same time 同时进出（就是有出有进）

feet  [fiːt]   英尺

queue  [kjuː]  a line of people, cars, etc. waiting for something or to do something

cycle  /ˈsaɪkl/   v
​to ride a bicycle; to travel by bicycle 

changing room
a room where you can change your clothes and usually take a shower, for example at a pool. 更衣室

cramped  /kræmpt/
 cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it

keep apart  分离
at a distance from

 choke-point  瓶颈；阻碍   [tʃəʊk]  
咽喉点（choke point），又译作阻塞点或是瓶颈。是为军事战略上的一种地理特征，诸如山谷狭径或是鞍部|隘口等。
vt. 呛；使窒息；阻塞；抑制；扑灭
vi. 窒息；阻塞；说不出话来

circumstance [ˈsɜːkəmstəns  
n. 环境；状况；境遇；（尤指）经济状况；命运 vt. 处于某种情况

 high-rise  [ˈhaɪ raɪz]
adj. 高楼的；超高层的n. 高楼；大厦

hassle /ˈhæsl/   n. 困难；分歧；起哄
​a situation that is annoying because it involves doing something difficult or complicated that needs a lot of effort
A hassle is a situation that is difficult and involves problems, effort, or arguments with people. 麻烦 [非正式]

hustle and bustle   熙熙攘攘，忙碌
rustle   [ˈrʌsl]   
v. 发出沙沙声；偷窃（牲口）；（非正式）急忙行动 n. 沙沙声；飒飒声

3 When workers make it to their desks, there is another problem. In recent years offices have been increasing density. The space per workstation in Britain decreased by around a quarter in the decade to 2018, according to Jon Neale of jll, a property consultancy. But social-distancing rules may drastically reduce the number of people offices can accommodate. Nick Jackson of Arup, an engineering and architectural group, says a two-metre space between desks in a central London office building may reduce the number of staff it can host to 30-35% of the pre-pandemic total.

property   /ˈprɒpəti/   n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权
1> [u] a thing or things that are owned by somebody; a possession or possessions
2>  ​[countable, usually plural] (formal) a quality or characteristic that something has

drastically /ˈdræstɪkli/   adv. 彻底地；激烈地 
​in an extreme way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on something

reduce to 减少到

4 In the short term, these problems have an obvious answer: let people work from home, or bring them into the office in shifts (maybe two days a week). This will limit serendipity but is better than nothing. The trickier question is whether office design will change in the longer run.

In the short term
obvious  [ˈɒbviəs]   
work from home 家中工作；在家上班

shift   [ʃɪft]  轮班

serendipity /ˌserənˈdɪpəti/   运气; 走运 [文学性] ； 意外的惊喜
​the fact of something interesting or pleasant happening by chance
n. 意外发现珍奇事物的本领；有意外发现珍宝的运气  

trickier —— tricky [ˈtrɪki]
adj. 狡猾的；机警的；棘手的
If you describe a task or problem as tricky, you mean that it is difficult to do or deal with. 难对付的

5 Some high-tech solutions floated before the pandemic appear newly relevant. Zaha Hadid Architects, a big British firm, has designed an eco-friendly building in Sharjah, a city in the United Arab Emirates, with “contactless pathways”, where employees rarely need to touch the building with their hands. Doors open automatically using motion sensors and facial recognition; lifts (and even a cuppa) can be ordered from a smartphone.

float [fləʊt]  ——>施行，应用
v. 使漂浮，浮动；漂流，飘动；飘移；安排（贷款）提出，提请考虑（想法或计划）；发行（股票）上市；（货币汇率）自由浮动实行

appear newly relevant    有了新的用武之地
relevant    /ˈreləvənt/  重大作用
the fact of being valuable and useful to people in their lives and work  
adj. 相关的；切题的；中肯的；有重大关系的；有意义的，目的明确的

Zaha Hadid Architects
Zaha Hadid建筑师事务所由已故的Zaha Hadid（1950-2016）在伦敦创立扎哈·哈迪德当时年仅38岁因其未来主义建筑而闻名
大兴国际机场
https://www.sohu.com/a/255367760_725681 

Sharjah ['ʃɑ:dʒə] n. 沙迦

United Arab Emirates 阿拉伯联合酋长国   [ˈɛmɪrɪt]
/juˌnaɪtɪd ˌærəb ˈemɪrəts/

cuppa   [ˈkʌpə]  n. 一杯茶；一杯
a cup of tea 一杯茶 [英国英语] [非正式]

6 Other ideas emerged in response to covid-19. Besides hand sanitiser at the entrance and touch-free doors, an office in Amsterdam designed by Cushman & Wakefield, a property-services group, has desks surrounded by a zone of colour-coded carpet to let people know when they are getting too close. At the start of the day workers pick up a paper deskpad on which to rest their laptop, and which is discarded when they leave. Arrows on the floor guide them to move around clockwise.

in response to  响应；回答；对…有反应

hand sanitiser   =  hand sanitizer  
 sanitiser   ['sænɪtaɪzə]  n. 食品防腐剂；消毒杀菌剂（等于sanitiser）   

colour-coded  彩色标记的

a paper deskpad  纸质桌布

discard  /dɪˈskɑːd/  v
1> (formal) to get rid of something that you no longer want or need
2> (in card games) to get rid of a card that you do not want

clockwise  /ˈklɒkwaɪz/  顺时针的
moving around in the same direction as the hands of a clock

7 All very clever. You could even imagine it working—for a few weeks. But after a while the rules would surely be broken. Bert wants to talk to Ernie who is within sight and just a dozen feet away in an anticlockwise direction. Will he really take the long route around? And physical distance from colleagues is one thing. The potential for germs to be spread via communal items and surfaces is another. Think about the handle on the kettle or the controls of the photocopier. The much-loved snack cupboard at The Economist is probably doomed.

All very clever.  上述方法看起来都很智能。但是落地很难，一方面控制物理距离，另一方面考虑细菌可以通过其他方式传播路径。

a dozen feet   十二英尺  

anticlockwise /ˌæntiˈklɒkwaɪz/   a =counterclockwise
​in the opposite direction to the movement of the hands of a clock

 communal  /kəˈmjuːnl/  = shared
​shared by, or for the use of, a number of people, especially people who live together

 photocopier   /ˈfəʊtəʊkɒpiə(r)/ n  
a machine that makes copies of documents, etc. by photographing them
kettle /ˈketl/  
a container with a lid, a handle and a spout, used for boiling water

doom /duːm/  
​to make somebody/something certain to fail, suffer, die, etc.

cupboard   /ˈkʌbəd/  
a piece of furniture with doors and shelves used for storing dishes, food, clothes, etc.

8 The new emphasis will be on cleanliness. Facilities managers will take a leaf from “The Restaurant at the End of the Universe”, a science-fiction novel by Douglas Adams, where the Golgafrinchans exiled telephone sanitisers and other useless people (such as insurance salesmen and management consultants) on a spaceship, only for their planet’s population to be wiped out by a virus contracted from a dirty handset. Better air filtration to limit the spread of disease may bring other benefits. One study found that the extra costs of improving air quality could be paid back in less than two years, in terms of higher productivity and reduced ill health.

cleanliness   /ˈklenlinəs/
the state of being clean or the habit of keeping things clean 

take a leaf   “以某人为榜样”或“学某人的样子”或“学(某人)的举止”
take a leaf from/out of somebody’s book
to copy somebody’s behaviour and do things in the same way that they do, because they are successful 

exile  /ˈeksaɪl/,  /ˈeɡzaɪl/
to force somebody to leave their country, especially for political reasons or as a punishment; to send somebody into exile

wipe out
消灭，彻底摧毁；垮台；（滑雪等时的）翻倒；封闭
1>  informal) to fall over, especially when you are doing a sport such as skiing or surfing
2>  ​(informal) to make somebody extremely tired
3>  [often passive] to destroy or remove somebody/something completely

contracted from  感染
contract   /kənˈtrækt/  
 (formal or medical) to get an illness

 handset [ˈhændset]   n. 手机，电话听筒  

filtration /fɪlˈtreɪʃn/
​the process of filtering a liquid or gas

in terms of
used to show what aspect of a subject you are talking about or how you are thinking about it

 pay back  vt. 偿还；报答

 ill health
Someone who suffers from ill health has an illness or keeps being ill. 健康不佳

9 But not all improvements will be as cost-effective. The reason employees are crammed together is to cut rental expenses. One wonders whether, if a vaccine is found and social distancing no longer required, firms will consider office redesign is worth the candle.

cost-effective /ˌkɒst ɪˈfektɪv/
giving the best possible profit or benefits in comparison with the money that is spent  
adj.有最佳利润的; 有成本效益的; 划算的;

worth the candle   不值得,不上算,得不偿失
informal worth the price or trouble entailed
 (esp in the phrase the game's not worth the candle)

10 Some elements, like more cleanliness, may stick. The pandemic will speed up the trend towards virtual meetings and home-working. Companies may try to lure highly skilled workers with more personal space, like first-class seats on an aeroplane. But the masses will still be crammed in economy.■

Some elements, like more cleanliness, may stick.
就是指比如像进行更多的清洁工作这样的元素，会坚持下去
  stick  /stɪk/ 
1> ​[intransitive] to become accepted
2> [transitive] (British English, informal)(usually used in negative sentences and questions)to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation or person  
eg:  The police couldn't make the charges stick (= show them to be true).His friends called him Bart and the name has stuck (= has become the name that everyone calls him).
vt. 刺入；插于；竖起
vi. 钉住；坚持，遵守；粘贴；生效，起作用

cram  /kræm/ v
1>  to push or force somebody/something into a small space; to move into a small space with the result that it is full
2>  cram (for something) (North American English, informal or British English, old-fashioned) to learn a lot of things in a short time, in preparation for an exam  =swot
v. 填满，塞满；（应考）突击准备，死记硬背；（人）挤满；猛吃
n. （应考）突击准备，死记硬背；极度拥挤

crammed    a /kræmd/  =packed
crammed (with somebody/something) full of things or people

swot  /swɒt/
a person who spends too much time studying
n. 苦读的人；努力工作者；辛苦的工作vi. 刻苦用功vt. 刻苦攻读
1>V    to study (a subject) intensively, as for an examination; cram 突击学习(科目)
2>  N  a person who works or studies hard 勤奋的人 (Also called swotter)