一 前言
根据上篇知识了解到,通过设置不同的网络空间来达到网络协议栈的完全隔离,对于不同空间的协议栈是完全隔离,每个网络空间都可以有自己的iptables来进行单独的转发过滤等,不同的网络空间默认无法进行网络通信的,但是通过veth可以把两个不同的网络空间打通达到通讯的目的,前一篇文章也进行了相关的说明。
二 Docker的网络模式
2.1 桥接模式
Docker的默认使用的是linux的桥接模式,有个docker0的虚拟桥,docker 每启动一个容器就给这个容器分配一个container ip,同时设置了docker0 桥作为默认的网关,默认情况下容器的网络都通过veth的技术来接到docker0这个虚拟桥上来达到通讯的目的。
docker run -d --name nginx02 -P nginx
docker run -d --name nginx03 -P nginx
启动两个nginx镜像,用docker ps看下是否存在:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
bd64ce2fdfd2 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 4 minutes ago Up 4 minutes 0.0.0.0:49154->80/tcp, :::49154->80/tcp nginx03
687427d720b1 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 5 minutes ago Up 5 minutes 0.0.0.0:49153->80/tcp, :::49153->80/tcp nginx02
我们知道veth都是成对出现的,我们来验证下,是否有两个veth,且一端应该是配置了ip的即container-ip,另一端可以理解为插在虚拟网桥上的。
由于nginx的容器默认是没有带ip命令的,需要安装下:
docker exec -it nginx02 /bin/bash
apt-get update
apt-get install iproute2
用命令看下容器内的网卡情况:
root@ubuntu-lab:~# docker exec -it nginx03 ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
29: eth0@if30: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 172.17.0.3/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@ubuntu-lab:~# docker exec -it nginx02 ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
27: eth0@if28: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 172.17.0.2/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@ubuntu-lab:~#
清楚的看到配置的地址分别为:172.17.0.2
和172.17.0.3
注意看下网卡名都是含有@符号的,这个是veth的标识,eth0是其中的一端,这个配置了上面的地址,另一端是if30和if28,这个需要到宿主机器上查看:
# ip addr show
28: vethd7194ee@if27: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP group default
link/ether 66:c6:93:2e:6b:7d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet6 fe80::64c6:93ff:fe2e:6b7d/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
30: veth8236973@if29: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP group default
link/ether be:9d:3d:ca:38:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 3
inet6 fe80::bc9d:3dff:feca:3853/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
看到了28序号的30序号的网卡,刚好对应容器内的27和29两个序号的网卡。
那我们再来看下网桥情况:
root@ubuntu-lab:~# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
docker0 8000.0242726f7fa2 no veth8236973
vethd7194ee
看到了吧,网桥上插着veth的一端,画出图形如下:
docker 桥接模式注意到这里面和上一篇桥接模式的区别为没有看到单独的网络空间(实际上应该有,不然怎么做网络隔离那,通过下面的命令没看到):
root@ubuntu-lab:~# ip netns list
但是两者网络是互通的,测试:
root@ubuntu-lab:~# docker exec -it nginx02 ping 172.17.0.3
PING 172.17.0.3 (172.17.0.3): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.17.0.3: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.224 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.108 ms
^C--- 172.17.0.3 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.108/0.166/0.224/0.058 ms
顺便说下,我们启动nginx的时候,通过-P指定了随机端口和80端口的映射,这个是通过nat来实现的,测试如下图:
root@ubuntu-lab:~# iptables -t nat -vnL
桥接模式缺点,虽然我们可以互通,但是不能通过容器的名称ping通,有一定局限性。
3.2 host模式
host模式比较简单,如果容器以host模式启动,容器不会获得独立的Network namespace,和宿主主机共享Network namespace,不能配置ip,也不会虚拟出网卡。
它启动的端口也会占用主机的端口,外部访问直接通过宿主机器的ip进行访问即可。
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker run -d --name nginx01 --network host nginx
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
0ebd1b751f50 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" About an hour ago Up 36 seconds nginx01
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# netstat -antp|grep 80
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 79104/nginx: master
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 79104/nginx: master
外部访问测试:
host模式外部直接访问
3.3 none模式
这个模式下没有网络,端口也不能通过-p来映射出来,没办法联网,监听只能在lo上,也就是只能本机访问,容器更安全,不过也只能测试玩玩。
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker run --name mynginx --network none -d nginx
99a861a124099946d6f8802f09871b6cc9881d5c10161c084997bd4847e872a7
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
99a861a12409 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 3 seconds ago Up 2 seconds mynginx
三 其他
3.1 容器名是否可以ping通
如果我们想通过容器名ping通,那么我们就可以通过容器名做连接,即实现:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02 ping nginx03
ping: unknown host
最简单的采用link方式:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker run -d -P --name nginx02 --link nginx03 nginx
#安装ping工具
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02
root@3748ab1cb1e0:/# apt-get install -y iputils-ping
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02 ping nginx03
PING nginx03 (172.17.0.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from nginx03 (172.17.0.3): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from nginx03 (172.17.0.3): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms
^C
ok,就这样简单的通了,那么反过来那:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx03 ping nginx02
OCI runtime exec failed: exec failed: unable to start container process: exec: "ping": executable file not found in $PATH: unknown
不行,反向不通.其实只是将nginx03的ip和host的映射,配置到了nginx02容器的/etc/hosts里面。
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02 cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.3 nginx03 bd64ce2fdfd2
172.17.0.2 3748ab1cb1e0
3.2 docker的自定义网络
我们原来使用docker0作为虚拟网桥进行容器的连接,但是有docker0有限制,比如不能通过容器名直接访问。
确保网络环境干净
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
d8f1fa7ccbd3 bridge bridge local
1bd98c27e839 host host local
84542ce461aa none null local
创建自定义网络
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker network create --driver bridge --subnet 192.168.3.0/24 --gateway 192.168.3.1 mynet
db74fc9a41e40002755989da5d83d59cca1dfb490f6c26a9f85026617d2d25cc
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
...
48ee4153016f mynet bridge local
...
启动两个新的容器,网络设置成我们新建的网络:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker run -d -P --name nginx-net-01 --net mynet nginx
c44262be7824f4649f96b0df83ac44460f7c49c135577ee832af2a93f0cf81e3
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker run -d -P --name nginx-net-02 --net mynet nginx
c488ece52f691fd228916df2046fa17efd971ad81299d46f358be6c372593095
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c488ece52f69 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 3 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:49161->80/tcp, :::49161->80/tcp nginx-net-02
c44262be7824 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 10 seconds ago Up 9 seconds 0.0.0.0:49160->80/tcp, :::49160->80/tcp nginx-net-01
可以看到ip是我们网络内的ip如下:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker inspect nginx-net-02|grep IPAddress
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"IPAddress": "",
"IPAddress": "192.168.3.3",
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker inspect nginx-net-01|grep IPAddress
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"IPAddress": "",
"IPAddress": "192.168.3.2",
测试下:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx-net-02 ping nginx-net-01
PING nginx-net-01 (192.168.3.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from nginx-net-01.mynet (192.168.3.2): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.215 ms
64 bytes from nginx-net-01.mynet (192.168.3.2): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.175 ms
不用额外配置,自定义网络直接可以ping通,牛了。
3.3 跨网络访问
我们把nginx02,nginx03也启动起来,现在的docker的容器的网络情况如下图:
docker容器环境
如上图,如果我们想通过nginx02访问nginx-net-01怎么办,这个场景也比较常见,比如我们的应用在一个网络环境,数据库在另外一个网络环境(我这么懒应该不会这么部署)。
# 我们把nginx02 连接到mynet网络上去
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker network connect mynet nginx02
# 查看执行成功后的变化:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker network inspect mynet
"Containers": {
"3748ab1cb1e07f590dce7283d9e40f2edcc6fa15c1ebfefe4a4d6441e9ec5a25": {
"Name": "nginx02",
"EndpointID": "7f7aea9645f2dee4502122f3bd302aa662b55ec31f972827246b8e381904b42b",
"MacAddress": "02:42:c0:a8:03:04",
"IPv4Address": "192.168.3.4/24",
"IPv6Address": ""
},
"c44262be7824f4649f96b0df83ac44460f7c49c135577ee832af2a93f0cf81e3": {
"Name": "nginx-net-01",
"EndpointID": "b925305ae883ca4d621983bac339f16e87580a37e9e89dfb41c8fbd51b819213",
"MacAddress": "02:42:c0:a8:03:02",
"IPv4Address": "192.168.3.2/24",
"IPv6Address": ""
},
"c488ece52f691fd228916df2046fa17efd971ad81299d46f358be6c372593095": {
"Name": "nginx-net-02",
"EndpointID": "5e1ecdcbbaba78fa050a69780543f82dd90a445e8fcea8170e383b5161ca5dd7",
"MacAddress": "02:42:c0:a8:03:03",
"IPv4Address": "192.168.3.3/24",
"IPv6Address": ""
}
},
原来是把nginx02直接加入到mynet网络,分配一个新的ip:192.168.3.4
, 相当于这个容器有了两个ip:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02 ping nginx-net-01
PING nginx-net-01 (192.168.3.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from nginx-net-01.mynet (192.168.3.2): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=11.9 ms
64 bytes from nginx-net-01.mynet (192.168.3.2): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.127 ms
^C
--- nginx-net-01 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.127/6.003/11.880/5.876 ms
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx02 ping nginx-net-02
PING nginx-net-02 (192.168.3.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from nginx-net-02.mynet (192.168.3.3): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.184 ms
64 bytes from nginx-net-02.mynet (192.168.3.3): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.080 m
如上,现在ping稳稳的,那么我们来看看nginx02的网卡信息:
root@3748ab1cb1e0:/# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
47: eth0@if48: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 172.17.0.3/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
49: eth1@if50: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 02:42:c0:a8:03:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 192.168.3.4/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global eth1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
原来是新建立veth对,配置ip是mynet里面网段的ip,看看桥里面信息:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br-db74fc9a41e4 8000.024238d7721a no veth28769e3
veth8adc720
vetha525bf6
这个是通过新建个网桥把三个网卡对连接起来了。我理解这相当于通过一个交换机把三者都接起来,只是在nginx02上新增了一块网卡。
看下:
root@ubuntu-lab:/home/miao# docker exec -it nginx-net-02 /bin/bash
root@c488ece52f69:/# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
41: eth0@if42: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
link/ether 02:42:c0:a8:03:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet 192.168.3.3/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
这里面有要注意的地方,mynet网络的主机只有一个ip。其实还有更复杂的场景没测试,我觉得现在这个也够了,下次用到再说。
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