介词by的用法
1. 表“在......之旁”，相当于beside：
by the window 在窗边
by the door 在门边
by my side 在我旁边
The woman always sat by the window and stared into the distance. 那位女士总是坐在窗边，凝望着远方。
He came over and stood by my side. 他走过来站在我旁边。
2. 表“凭借”：
judge A by B 借由B来评鉴、判断A
tell A by B 借由B知道A
Don't judge a person by his or her looks. 不要以貌取人
I can tell by his action that he is a naughty boy.从他的行为我可以判断他是一个调皮的男孩。
3. by 与下列表“抓”有关的动词连用，仍表“借由”：
catch/grab/grasp/hold/seize/take+人+by the +身体部位或衣物的部分 抓住某人的.....
The man seized him by the collar and told him to shut up. 那个男人抓住他的衣领叫他闭嘴。
注意： 此句型中by之后只可接the,不可接所有格。
I caught him by the hand. 我抓住了他的手。
不可以说I caught him by his hand.
4. by 表“经过”之意：
pass by my house 经过我家
drive by my house 开车经过我家
walk by my house 走路经过我家
I passed by my house and didn't walk in.我经过家门而没有走进去
5. by 表“差距”之意，尤用于下列用法：
be older than + 人 + by two years 比某人大两岁
be younger than + 人 + by two years 比某人小两岁
She is older than I by five years. 她比我大五岁。
We beat the other team by two points. 我们以两分之差赢了另一队。
6. by表“按照：
They sell eggs by the dozen. 他们论打买鸡蛋。
上句中，by之后置the,再置度量单位名词，如by the box(论箱）、by the yard(论码）
It is five twenty by my watch. 我的表现在是五点二十。
7. by 表“取道”：
come back by way of HongKong 取道香港回来
=come back via HongKong.
We went to Beijing by way of HongKong 我们取道香港前往北京。
8. by 表“乘坐（交通工具）”：
come back by bus/ train/ship/air/bicycle/motorcycle 乘公交车/火车/船/飞机/自行车/摩托车回来
He goes to work by taxi every day. 他每天乘出租车上班。
注意： 以上句型中交通工具不可与冠词或所有格连用。 不可说by the train, by a air, by my taxi; 表“步行”时则应使用on foot.
He came back on foot. 他是走路回来的。
9. by 用于被动语态，表“被....”：
be + 过去分词 + by ...
He was killed by a car. 他被车撞死了。
10. by 用于主动语态：
by + 动名词 用/通过.....
He successed by working hard. 他通过努力而成功。
The old woman makes a living by selling fruit. 那个老太太以卖水果为生。
11. by + 时间 最迟不超过某时间
Come back by ten. 10点以前要回来。
= Come back no latter than ten.
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