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Notes on English Grammar: Prepos

Notes on English Grammar: Prepos

作者: 述而斋 | 来源:发表于2023-09-10 08:22 被阅读0次

    1. 表示位置和动作方向的前置词

    表示位置的例证 只表示位置 表示位置和动作方向 只表示动作方向 表示动作方向的例证
    Your pen is on the table. on onto The cat jumped on(或onto)the table.
    off We got off the bus.
    He's in the kitchen. It's in(或inside)the box. in, inside into She came into the room.
    I'll meet you outside the cinema. outside out of She went out of the room.
    It's under the table. under We sailed under the bridge.
    It's below the surface. below
    It's above the surface. above
    The picture is hanging over the fireplace. over The dog jumped over the fence.
    We stood round the piano. round(或around) We walked round the building.
    There was path through the weed. through The train went through the tunnel.
    Among the guests was a famous actress. among He wandered among the crowd.
    Cambridge is near London. near Don't go too near the edge.
    He hid behind the tree. behind The mouse ran behind the fridge.
    My car is parked in front of the hotel. in front of He ran straight in front of the car.
    past He walked past me.
    along It's nice to walk along the river.
    There was a police barricade across the road. across She ran across the road.
    up We climbed up the mountain.
    down He ran down the hill.
    She sat next to (或beside, by) me. We sat by the river. next to (或beside, by)
    from We've come from London.
    to She went to Edinburgh.
    towards He came towards me.
    The Post Office is opposite the hotel. opposite
    He was leaning against the wall. against The wind is (blowing) against us.
    Royston is between London and Cambridge. between He came between us.
    He's waiting at the bus-stop. at The boy was throwing stones at window.

    2.有关旅行的前置词

    (1) go,travel,drive等词常和 from 和 to 连用。例如:
    We traveled from London to Edinburgh. (我们从伦敦旅行到爱丁堡。)
    (2) 到达旅馆、机场、车站等的“到达”常用 arrive at 或 got to。例如:
    I arrived at(或 got to ) hotel at 6:00。(我们在六点钟点抵达宾馆。)
    (3) home 前不用前置词。例如:
    We got (或 arrived,went)home at 6:00。(我们在六时到家。)
    (4) arrive in 后跟大城市、国家等。 例如:
    We arrived in London last Friday. (上星期五我们到达伦敦。)
    The President arrived in China today. (总统今天到达中国。)
    (5) by 或 on 表示旅行方式。例如:
    We went by car (taxi; bus; train; plane; boat). (我们乘车[出租汽车;公共汽车;火车;飞机;船]去。)
    He want on foot. (他走去的。)
    (6) 与 get 连用表示上、下车(飞机、船等)的前置词。例如:
    He got in (或 into)his car and drove off. (他钻进汽车后开走了。)
    We got out of the taxi. (我们从出租汽车上下来。)
    She got on (或 into) the bus (train; plane; boat). (她登上公共汽车[火车;飞机;船]。)
    They got of the bus (train; plane; boat). ( 他们下了公共汽车[火车;飞机;船]。)

    3.表示时间、日期的前置词

    (1) at, an, in
    ① at 后跟时刻。例如:
    at 9.00 (在九点鈡)
    at midnight (在午夜)
    at midday (或noon) (在中午)
    at 也用于:
    at night (在夜里)
    at Christmas (在圣诞节)
    ② on 后面跟日。例如:
    on Saturday (在星期六)
    on June 12th. (在六月十二日)
    on Christmas Day (在圣诞日)
    on 也用于:
    on the morning (afternoon; evening; night)of May 5th. (在五月五日的上午[下午;晚上;夜里])
    ③ in 后面跟“一段时间”。例如:
    in the moening ( afternoon; evening) (在上午[下午;晚上])
    in September (在九月)
    in (the) summer (在夏天)
    (2)at, by, till/untill
    ① at 意思是“在……时”,指确切的时间。例如:
    Dinner will be served at 7.00. (在开点钟开饭。)
    ② by 的意思“在某时之前”或“在其时”。例如:
    You mast be ready by 7.00. (你必须在七时前准备好。)
    ③ till/untill 意思是“直到……为止”。例如:
    I'll be working till (或 untill )* 7.00. (我瘵一直工作到七点。)
    (3) after
    after 为前置词,而 afterwards 按规范用法则是副词。试比较:
    After supper, we watched television. (晚饭后,我们看电视。)
    We watched television afterwards. (后来我们看电视。)
    (4) from 和 since
    from 的意思是“从”, 而 since 是“从……以来”。试比较:
    I worked from 9.00 a.m. to midday. (我从上午9地工作到中午。)
    She's been in Shanghai since May 1st. (自5月1日以来她一直在上海。)
    (5) since 和 for
    since 与“一点时间”连用,for 与“一段时间”连用。试比较:
    She's been talking on the phone since half-past seven. (从七点半她一直在通电话。)
    She's been talking on the phone for half an hour. (她通了半个小时的电话。)
    (6) for 和 during
    ① for 与“一段时间”连用,表示延续整个整个时间的动作。例如:
    He lived Shanghai for five years. (他在上海住了五年。)
    during 表示一段时间中某一点发生的动作。例如:
    Someone phoned during the evening. (晚上,有人打电话。)
    ② during 也可与“一段时间”连用,表示延续整个时间的动作。例如:
    during the war we lived in the countryside. (战争期间,我们住在农村。)
    ③ for 与表明的“一段时间”连用,含有“目的”的意味。 例如:
    I hired a car for July. ( 我租了一辆汽车以备七月份使用。)

    4. 前置词动词和短语动词

    (1) 前置词动词和短语动词及其区别
    ① 前置动词=动词+前置词。例如:
    He takes after his father. (他像他父亲。)
    They called on the man. (他们探访了那个人。)
    ② 短语动词=动词+副词,动词和副词在这一结构中已凝为一体,表达习语性意义。例如:
    He looked up the strange words in the dictionary. (他在词典里查到了那些生字。)
    They called up the man. (他给那人看打以电话。)
    ③前置词动词和短语动词的区别
    A. 前置动词中的前置词(不管其宾语是名词还是代词)位置固定,只能紧跟动词,不能位于宾语之后,因而只能说:
    The burglar broke into my flat. (窃贼闯进了我的公寓。)
    The burglar broke into it at 10.00 pm. (窃贼在准时十点钟闯入的。)
    不能说:
    The burglar broke my flat into.
    The burglar broke it into it at 10.00 pm.
    B. 动词短语的副词位置不固定,它可以位于宾语之前,也可以位于宾语之后。例如:
    I rang up my aunt. (我打电话给姑妈。)
    I rang my aunt up. (我打电话给姑妈。)
    但若宾语由代词担任时,副词只能与动词分开位于句末,如果把上例的宾语改成代词,那就只有一种可能:
    I rang her up. (我打电话给他。)
    如果宾语较长,则副词紧跟动词,位于宾语之前。例如:
    He looked up the words he didn't hnow. (他查了不识的字。)
    (2) 不及物的动词短语:由动词加副词构成,不带宾语。例如:
    The car has broken down. (那辆汽车抛锚了。)
    We must carry on on foot. (我们得继续步行。)
    The plane has now taken off. (飞机已起飞。)
    Let's knock off mow. (我们瑞就歇工吧。)
    (3) 短语前置词动词:某些短语与前置词结合构成短语前置词动词。例如:
    We've run out off oil. (我们的汽油已用完了。
    I'm fed up with his grumbling. (他的牢骚我已经听够了。)
    这种动词的宾语,不管是名词还是代词,只能位于前置词之后。例如:
    We've run out off oil(或 it)

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