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设计模式——命令模式

设计模式——命令模式

作者: prik丶 | 来源:发表于2019-08-08 17:34 被阅读0次

    《Head First 设计模式》 学习笔记,码云同步更新中

    如有错误或不足之处,请一定指出,谢谢~

    目录

    设计原则
    设计模式

    命令模式(Command Pattern)

    定义:
    • 将一个请求封装成一个对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志来参数化其他对象。也支持可撤销功能。
    结构
    • Command:抽象命令
    • ConcreteCommand:具体命令
    • Invoker:调用者
    • Receiver:接受者
    • Client:客户端
    分析

    命令模式的本质是对命令进行封装,将命令发出和执行的责任分割开

    • 使请求本身成为一个对象,可以被储存和传递
    • 请求方和接收方独立开,请求方不需要知道请求如何被接收,是否、何时被执行,以及是如何执行的
    优点:
    • 降低耦合度
    • 新命令的加入很容易
    • 轻松设计一个宏命令或命令队列
    • 请求可以撤销和重播
    缺点:
    • 系统内会产生大量命令类
    使用场景:
    • 需要将请求发出方和执行方解耦,两者间不直接交互
    • 需要命令的撤销和重播功能
    • 需要宏命令功能
    • 需要在不同的时间指定请求,将请求排队和执行
    案例
    /**
     * 命令接口
     **/
    public interface Command {
        /**
         * 执行命令
         */
        public void execute();
        /**
         * 撤销命令
         */
        public void undo();
    }
    
    /**
     * 有7组开关的遥控器
     **/
    public class RemoteControl {
        private static final int BUTTON_SIZE = 7;
        
        /**
         * 用数组记录遥控器上多个开关对应的命令
         */
        Command[] onCommands;
        Command[] offCommands;
    
        /**
         * 上一个命令
         */
        Command lastCommand;
    
        /**
         * 构造方法中初始化数组
         */
        public RemoteControl() {
            onCommands = new Command[BUTTON_SIZE];
            offCommands = new Command[BUTTON_SIZE];
    
            // 空对象
            Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
    
            for (int i = 0; i < BUTTON_SIZE; i++) {
                onCommands[i] = noCommand;
                offCommands[i] = noCommand;
            }
            lastCommand = noCommand;
        }
    
        /**
         * 往遥控器开关上设置命令
         */
        public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
            onCommands[slot] = onCommand;
            offCommands[slot] = offCommand;
        }
    
        /**
         * 开
         * @param slot
         */
        public void pushOnButton(int slot) {
            onCommands[slot].execute();
            lastCommand = onCommands[slot];
        }
    
        /**
         * 关
         * @param slot
         */
        public void pushOffButton(int slot) {
            offCommands[slot].execute();
            lastCommand = offCommands[slot];
        }
    
        /**
         * 撤销
         */
        public void pushUndoButton() {
            lastCommand.undo();
        }
    
        /**
         * 重写toString方法,给出遥控器说明书
         * @return
         */
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
            stringBuffer.append("\n-------- Remote Control --------\n");
            for (int i = 0; i < BUTTON_SIZE; i++) {
                stringBuffer.append("[slot " + i + "] " + onCommands[i].getClass().getName() + " / " + offCommands[i].getClass().getName() + "\n");
            }
            return stringBuffer.toString();
        }
    }
    
    

    家电

    /**
     * 电灯
     **/
    public class Light {
    
        public String tag;
    
        public Light(String tag) {
            this.tag = tag;
        }
    
        public void on() {
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " light is on...");
        }
    
        public void off() {
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " light is off...");
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 电扇
     **/
    public class ElectricFan {
    
        /**
         * 位置标记,区分哪里的电扇
         */
        private String tag;
    
        private int speed;
    
        public static final int OFF = 0;
        public static final int LOW = 1;
        public static final int MEDIUM = 2;
        public static final int HIGH = 3;
    
        public ElectricFan(String tag) {
            this.tag = tag;
        }
    
        public void speedHigh() {
            speed = HIGH;
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " fan is on high speed");
        }
    
        public void speedMedium() {
            speed = MEDIUM;
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " fan is on medium speed");
        }
    
        public void speedLow() {
            speed = LOW;
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " fan is on low speed");
        }
    
        public void turnOff() {
            speed = OFF;
            System.out.println("the " + tag + " fan is off");
        }
    
        public int getSpeed() {
            return speed;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 音响
     **/
    public class Stereo {
    
        /**
         * 开机
         */
        public void on(){
            System.out.println("stereo is on...");
        }
    
        /**
         * 播放CD
         */
        public void playCD(){
            System.out.println("start playing CD...");
        }
    
        /**
         * 设置音量
         */
        public void setVolume(int volume){
            System.out.println("set the volume to " + volume);
        }
    
        /**
         * 关机
         */
        public void off() {
            System.out.println("stereo is off...");
        }
    }
    

    具体命令

    /**
     * 空命令
     *
     * 空对象本身也可以被当做一种设计模式。
     * 可以用于当你不想返回一个有意义的对象时。
     * 遥控器在最初不可能设置了有意义的命令对象,
     * 使用空对象可以避免没必要的报错。
     **/
    public class NoCommand implements Command {
        @Override
        public void execute() {
        }
    
        @Override
        public void undo() {
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 打开电灯的命令
     **/
    public class LightOffCommand implements Command {
    
        Light light;
    
        public LightOffCommand(Light light) {
            this.light = light;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void execute() {
            light.off();
        }
    
        @Override
        public void undo() {
            light.on();
        }
    }
    
    // 关闭电灯 略
    
    /**
     * 电风扇 高风速 命令
     **/
    public class ElectricFanSpeedHighCommand implements Command {
    
        ElectricFan fan;
    
        /**
         * 记录之前的风速
         */
        int prevSpeed;
    
        public ElectricFanSpeedHighCommand(ElectricFan fan) {
            this.fan = fan;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void execute() {
            // 记录风速
            prevSpeed = fan.getSpeed();
            fan.speedHigh();
        }
    
        /**
         * 撤销,恢复之前的风速
         */
        @Override
        public void undo() {
            if (prevSpeed == ElectricFan.HIGH) {
                fan.speedHigh();
            } else if (prevSpeed == ElectricFan.MEDIUM) {
                fan.speedMedium();
            } else if (prevSpeed == ElectricFan.LOW) {
                fan.speedLow();
            } else if (prevSpeed == ElectricFan.OFF) {
                fan.turnOff();
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 其他电扇命令 略
    
    /**
     * 音响打开命令
     **/
    public class StereoOffWithCdCommand implements Command {
    
        Stereo stereo;
    
        public StereoOffWithCdCommand(Stereo stereo) {
            this.stereo = stereo;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void execute() {
            stereo.off();
        }
    
        @Override
        public void undo() {
            stereo.on();
            stereo.playCD();
            stereo.setVolume(50);
        }
    }
    
    // 音响关闭命令 略
    
    /**
     * 宏命令
     **/
    public class MacroCommand implements Command {
    
        /**
         * 储存一组命令
         */
        Command[] commands;
    
        public MacroCommand(Command[] commands) {
            this.commands = commands;
        }
    
        /**
         * 一键全部执行
         */
        @Override
        public void execute() {
            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
                commands[i].execute();
            }
        }
    
        @Override
        public void undo() {
            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
                commands[i].undo();
            }
        }
    }
    
    

    测试类

    /**
     * 遥控器测试
     **/
    public class RemoteControlTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            RemoteControl control = new RemoteControl();
    
            Light bedroomLight = new Light("bedroom");
            Light kitchenLight = new Light("kitchen");
            Stereo stereo = new Stereo();
            ElectricFan livingRoomFan = new ElectricFan("livingRoom");
    
            LightOnCommand bedroomLightOnCommand = new LightOnCommand(bedroomLight);
            LightOffCommand bedroomLightOffCommand = new LightOffCommand(bedroomLight);
    
            LightOnCommand kitchenLightOnCommand = new LightOnCommand(kitchenLight);
            LightOffCommand kitchenLightOffCommand = new LightOffCommand(kitchenLight);
    
            StereoOnWithCdCommand stereoOnWithCdCommand = new StereoOnWithCdCommand(stereo);
            StereoOffWithCdCommand stereoOffWithCdCommand = new StereoOffWithCdCommand(stereo);
    
            ElectricFanSpeedHighCommand livingRoomFanSpeedHighCommand = new ElectricFanSpeedHighCommand(livingRoomFan);
            ElectricFanOffCommand livingRoomFanOffCommand = new ElectricFanOffCommand(livingRoomFan);
    
    
            control.setCommand(0, bedroomLightOnCommand, bedroomLightOffCommand);
            control.setCommand(1, kitchenLightOnCommand, kitchenLightOffCommand);
            control.setCommand(2, stereoOnWithCdCommand, stereoOffWithCdCommand);
    
            control.setCommand(3, livingRoomFanSpeedHighCommand, livingRoomFanOffCommand);
    
            System.out.println(control.toString());
    
            // control.pushOnButton(1);
            // control.pushUndoButton();
            // control.pushOnButton(2);
            // control.pushOffButton(2);
            // control.pushUndoButton();
    
            // control.pushOnButton(3);
            // control.pushOffButton(3);
            // control.pushUndoButton();
    
            // 宏命令测试
            Command[] turnOnAllLightsArr = {bedroomLightOnCommand, kitchenLightOnCommand};
            Command[] turnOffAllLightsArr = {bedroomLightOffCommand, kitchenLightOffCommand};
    
            MacroCommand turnOnAllLights = new MacroCommand(turnOnAllLightsArr);
            MacroCommand turnOffAllLights = new MacroCommand(turnOffAllLightsArr);
    
            control.setCommand(4, turnOnAllLights, turnOffAllLights);
    
            control.pushOnButton(4);
            control.pushOffButton(4);
            control.pushUndoButton();
        }
    }
    

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