Chaptrer 8
Infected! Why Willpower Is Contagious 为什么意志力会传染？
●THE SPREAD OF ANEPIDEMIC 传染病的传播
● UNDER THE MICROSCOPE:YOURSOCIAL NETWORK 深入剖析：你的社交
● THE SOCIAL SELF 社会中的个人
● MIRRORIXG WILLPOWER FAILURES 镜像意志力失效
►► words and phrases
（1）contagious adj. 感染性的；会蔓延的
原句:Although it’s hard to believe that physical fitness（身体素质，身体状态） could be contagious.尽管我们很难相信身体素质也是可以传染的。
仿写：A teacher's education enthusiasm is contagious.
（2）immune [ɪ'mjuːn]
adj. 免疫的；免于……的，免除的，有免疫力的
n. 免疫者；免除者
immune body 抗体免疫体
immune reaction 免疫反应免疫排斥反应免疫反应
immune system 免疫系统
be immune to 对…有免疫力；不受…的影响
原句: We like to believe that our choices are immune to the influence of others, and we pride ourselves on our independence and free will（自由意志）.
我们愿意去相信我们的决定不会受他人影响，我们为自己的独立性和自由意志感到自豪。
仿写：We may be immune to the sales promotion of supermarket when we konw more behavioral psychology.
（3）reveal [rɪ'viːl]
vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露
n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧
原句: But research from the fields of psychology, marketing, and medicine reveals that our individual choices are powerfully（强烈地） shaped by what other people think, want, and do-and what we think they want us to do.
仿写： She doesn't want to reveal anything but tears just keep flowing.
（4）unified ['ju:nifaid]
adj. 统一的；一致标准的
v. 统一；使一致（unify的过去分词）
unified management 统一管理；统一经营.
unified standards 统一标准
原句：When it comes to self-control, we've seen that the human mind is not one unified self, but multiple(多重的；多样的；许多的) selves who compete for control.
仿写：We will establish a unified standard for the company culture.
（5）prime [praɪm]
adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的
adv. 极好地 n. 初期；青年；精华；全盛时期
vt. 使准备好；填装 vi. 作准备
prime sb 使某人做好准备
原句：The mirror neurons that detect（vt 察觉、发现） another person's movement prime （准备）that very same movement in your own body.
仿写：Did you prime her with what to say?
when it comes to 当提到；就……而论
When it comes to diet and exercise, we know what to do, but we don't do what we know.当提到饮食和运动的时候，我们都知道怎么去做，但是我们不会按照我们知道的去做。
（6） mirror neurons 镜像神经元
sole purpose 唯一目的
keep track of 与...保持联系
►►Sentence
① The scourge John brought with him? It wasn't smallpox, tuberculosis, or an STD. It was being out of shape. Although it’s hard to believe that physical fitness could be contagious.
约翰究竟带来了什么灾难？他带来的不是天花、肺结核或性病，而是体质虚弱。虽然人们很难相信身体虚弱也会传染.
② Obesity was infectious（传染的）, spreading within families and from friend to friend. When a friend became obese, a person’s own future risk of becoming obese increased by 171 percent. A woman whose sister became obese had a 67 percent increased risk, and a man whose brother became obese had a 45 percent increased risk.
肥胖是会传染的，它会在家庭内部和朋友之间传染。如果一个人身边有个朋友超重了，那么他变胖的概率就会增加171%。如果一个女性的姐妹超重了，那么她变胖的概率就会增加67%，如果一个男性的兄弟超重了，那么他变胖的概率就会增加45%。
③ Both bad habits and positive change can spread from person to person like germs, and nobody is completely- immune. Not every willpower challenge is the result of a social “infection,” but with most challenges, there is a social influence.
坏习惯和积极的改变都能像细菌一样在人群中传播，而且没有人能完全不受影响。不是每个意志力挑战都是社会“传染”的结果，但是大多数挑战都存在社会“传染”的问题。
—— 启 发 1 ——
身体素质也会像传染病一样蔓延？听起来好像不可思议，但实际上却是真实存在，这个比喻非常形象生动。这种传染归根到底是一种生活方式和思考方式的传染...如果我们在人群中去观察，经常会发现很多的“夫妻相”，第一眼就觉得他们长得好似很像，仔细想来，并不是两个人从一开始就有夫妻相，而是在生活方式N多年的共同影响下，越来越像，因为饮食习惯、生活方式、思考模式，价值观都会越来越趋近。坏习惯和积极的改变都能像细菌一样在人群中传播，不仅仅传播给他人，还会同时再度传播给自己，这种反弹力会倍增，一定程度上，消极创造消极，积极创造积极。我们是什么样的人，就会遇到什么样的人，那么我们要做的，就是努力培养自己健康的生活方式，让自己保持积极向上，精力充沛，给自己、身边的朋友、家人、还不相识的人带去正向影响。
④ When it comes to self-control, we've seen that the human mind is not one unified self, but multiple selves who compete for control. There's the self who wants immediate gratification and the self who remembers your bigger goals. There's your present self, who may or may not seem to have much in common with your future self.
说到自我控制这个问题，我已经知道，人类大脑里不是只有一个自我，而是有很多不同的自我在相互竞争，争夺控制权。这里面有想获得即时满足感的自我，有铭记远大目标的自我，有现在的自我，也有未来的自我。他们可能相似，也可能不同。
⑤ We have specialized brain cells—called mirror neurons—whose sole purpose is to keep track of what other people are thinking, feeling, and doing. These mirror neurons are sprinkled throughout the brain to help us understand the full range of (全范围的)other people s experiences.
我们有专门的的脑细胞——镜像神经元。它唯一的任务就是注意观察其他人在想什么， 感觉如何，在做什么。镜像神经元分布在整个大脑中，帮助我们去理解其他人所有的经历。
⑥ Our instinct to mimic other people's actions means that when you see someone else reach for a snack, a drink, or a credit card, you may find yourself unconsciously mirroring their behavior-and losing your willpower.
我们模范别人行动的本能，这就意味着，当你看到别人去拿零食、饮料或信用卡的时候，你自己也会无意识的模仿他们的行为。同时，你也会失去你的意志力。
⑦ We've seen three ways our social brains can catch willpower failures. The first is unintentional mimicry. The mirror neurons that detect another person's movement prime that very same movement in your own body.
The second way our social brains can lead us astray（迷路） is the contagion of emotion. We saw that our mirror neurons respond to（响应） other people’s pain, but they also respond to emotions.
Finally , our brains can even catch temptation when we see others give in. Seeing someone else engage in（参加） your willpower challenge can put you in the mood（兴致勃勃） to join them.
我们发现了三种形式会使我们的社会大脑出现意志力失效。第一种形式是无意识的模仿。当镜像神经元探测到其他人的行动时，它会让你的身体也准备同样的动作。
大脑让我们误入迷途的第二种形式是情绪的传染。我们发现，自己的镜像神经元会对别人的疼痛产生反应，也会对别人的情绪产生反应。
最后，当我们看到别人屈服于诱惑的时候，我们的大脑也可能受到诱惑。如果你发现别人和你有同样的意志力挑战，你兴致勃勃的想加入进去。
—— 启 发 2——
镜像神经元的存在，让人与人之间的相互模仿和互相影响从科学行为上给予了解释依据，有人说DNA决定我们是不是人，镜像神经元决定我们能否塑造文明，这种说法也许是夸张了，不过作为我们每一个活生生的个体，确实能察觉到自己的很多细微心理活动，人的内心世界真的是一个超级大的谜题。这种模仿和影响渗透到生活的方方面面...就像现在很多人患有“朋友圈焦虑症”一样，要问哪里的完美人生模板最多，要数朋友圈了。假若一个人微信好友很多，又酷爱刷朋友圈，那每时每刻都能看到千变万化的人生模板，如果按照模仿别人行动的本能，那还不被逼疯啊？要么去影响别人，要么被影响，影响与被影响也是每一个社会人的基本需要，所以，如何寻找到一拨志同道合的人，彼此互相沁润和影响就很重要了，而互联网时代提供了天然的优势,各个类别的优质兴趣社群越来越多，很容易就找到自己的社群组织了。一个人不太可能成为所有人，一个人也不太可能影响所有人，那么聚焦自我需求，关注一小部分群体，再去影响一小部分群体，便好...
►►Summary
It's contagious including willpower challenge,physical fitness，obesity ，depression and so on. We had known the fact that each person's choices be affected by the decision of the others. We can not exist in isolation by putting the influence and connections of others aside ,It may be a good way to make ourselves become more healthy, more active and stronger willpower.
We will try to look for these people who is attempting to improve the same willpower challenge recently.
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