1、简介
Filter也称之为过滤器,WEB开发人员通过Filter技术,对web服务器管理的所有web资源:例如Jsp、Servlet、静态图片文件或静态html文件等进行拦截,从而实现一些特殊或高级的功能。如:
- 实现URL级别的权限访问控制
- 过滤敏感词汇
- 压缩响应信息
过滤器Filter是在开发web应用时,实现了Servlet API中提供了的Java类Filter接口。
通过Filter技术,开发人员可以实现用户在访问某个目标资源之前,对访问的请求和响应进行拦截,示例:
public abstract interface Filter{
public abstract void init(FilterConfig paramFilterConfig) throws ServletException;
public abstract void doFilter(ServletRequest paramServletRequest, ServletResponse paramServletResponse, FilterChain
paramFilterChain) throws IOException, ServletException;
public abstract void destroy();
}
2、 原理
Filter接口中有一个doFilter方法,当我们编写好Filter,并配置对哪个web资源进行拦截后,WEB服务器每次在调用web资源的service方法之前,都会先调用一下filter的doFilter方法,因此,在该方法内编写代码可达到如下目的:
- 调用目标资源之前,让一段代码执行
- 是否调用目标资源(即是否让用户访问web资源)
- 调用目标资源之后,让一段代码执行
web服务器在调用doFilter方法时,会传递一个filterChain对象进来,filterChain对象是filter接口中最重要的一个对象,它也提供了一个doFilter方法,开发人员可以根据需求决定是否调用此方法,若调用,则web服务器就会调用web资源的service方法,即web资源就会被访问,否则不会被访问。
3、 开发流程
3.1 步骤
- 编写java类实现Filter接口,并实现其doFilter方法
- 在web.xml 文件中使用<filter>和<filter-mapping>元素对编写的filter类进行注册,并设置它所能拦截的资源
示例:
public class FilterTest implements Filter{
public void destroy() {
System.out.println("----Filter销毁----");
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
// 对request、response进行一些预处理
request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
System.out.println("----调用service之前执行一段代码----");
filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行
System.out.println("----调用service之后执行一段代码----");
}
public void init(FilterConfig arg0) throws ServletException {
System.out.println("----Filter初始化----");
}
}
在web. xml中配置过滤器:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="3.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
<display-name></display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<!--配置过滤器-->
<filter>
<filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>
</filter>
<!--映射过滤器-->
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
<!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 -->
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>
3.1 Filter链
在一个web应用中,可以开发编写多个Filter,这些Filter组合起来称之为一个Filter链。
web服务器根据Filter在web.xml文件中的注册顺序,决定先调用哪个Filter,当第一个Filter的doFilter方法被调用时,web服务器会创建一个代表Filter链的FilterChain对象传递给该方法。
在doFilter方法中,开发人员如果调用了FilterChain对象的doFilter方法,则web服务器会检查FilterChain对象中是否还有filter,如果有,则调用第2个filter,如果没有,则调用目标资源。
4、生命周期
Filter的创建和销毁由web服务器负责。
- 创建:
web应用程序启动时,web服务器将创建Filter的实例对象,并调用其init方法,完成对象的初始化功能,从而为后续的用户请求作好拦截的准备工作,filter对象只会创建一次,init方法也只会执行一次。通过init方法的参数,可获得代表当前filter配置信息的FilterConfig对象。 - 销毁:
web容器调用destroy方法销毁Filter,destroy方法在Filter的生命周期中仅执行一次。
在destroy方法中,可以释放过滤器使用的资源。
4.3 FilterConfig接口
用户在配置filter时,可以使用<init-param>为filter配置一些初始化参数,当web容器实例化Filter对象,调用其init方法时,会把封装了filter初始化参数的filterConfig对象传递进来。因此开发人员在编写filter时,通过filterConfig对象的方法,就可获得:
- getFilterName(); //得到filter的名称。
- getInitParameter(String name); // 返回在部署描述中指定名称的初始化参数的值。如果不存在返回null.
- getInitParameterNames(); //返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。
- getServletContext(); //返回Servlet上下文对象的引用。
示例:利用FilterConfig得到filter配置信息
public class FilterTest implements Filter {
/* 过滤器初始化
* @see javax.servlet.Filter#init(javax.servlet.FilterConfig)
*/
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
//得到过滤器的名字
String filterName = filterConfig.getFilterName();
//得到在web.xml文件中配置的初始化参数
String initParam1 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("name");
String initParam2 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("like");
//返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。
Enumeration<String> initParameterNames = filterConfig.getInitParameterNames();
System.out.println(filterName);
System.out.println(initParam1);
System.out.println(initParam2);
while (initParameterNames.hasMoreElements()) {
String paramName = (String) initParameterNames.nextElement();
System.out.println(paramName);
}
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,
FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行前!!!");
chain.doFilter(request, response); //让目标资源执行,放行
System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行后!!!");
}
@Override
public void destroy() { //过滤器销毁
}
}
<filter>
<filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>
<!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数-->
<init-param>
<description>FilterTest</description>
<param-name>name</param-name>
<param-value>gacl</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<description>配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数</description>
<param-name>like</param-name>
<param-value>java</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>FilterDemo02</filter-name>
<!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 -->
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
5、 Spring框架下,过滤器的配置
Spring框架中很多过滤器都不用自己来写了,Spring为我们写好了一些常用的过滤器。下面我们就以字符编码的过滤器CharacterEncodingFilter为例:
<filter>
<filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
<param-value>true</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
全局控制字符编码的功能就酱紫完成。以下为CharacterEncodingFilter这个过滤器的关键代码范例:
public class CharacterEncodingFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter{
private static final boolean responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable = ClassUtils.hasMethod(
class$javax$servlet$http$HttpServletResponse, "setCharacterEncoding", new Class[] { String.class });
// 需要设置的编码方式,为了支持可配置,Spring把编码方式设置成了一个变量
private String encoding;
// 是否强制使用统一编码,也是为了支持可配置
private boolean forceEncoding;
// 构造器,在这里,Spring把forceEncoding的值默认设置成了false
public CharacterEncodingFilter(){
this.forceEncoding = false;
}
// encoding/forceEncoding的setter方法
public void setEncoding(String encoding){
this.encoding = encoding;
}
public void setForceEncoding(boolean forceEncoding){
this.forceEncoding = forceEncoding;
}
// Spring通过GenericFilterBean抽象类,对Filter接口进行了整合,
protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)
throws ServletException, IOException{
if ((this.encoding != null) && (((this.forceEncoding) || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)))) {
request.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);
if ((this.forceEncoding) && (responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable)) {
response.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);
}
}
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
}
}
防止脚本攻击的过滤器(InvilidCharacterFilter):
/*
* InvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击
* InvalidCharacterFilter继承了Spring框架的CharacterEncodingFilter过滤器,当然,我们也可以自己实现这样一个过滤器
*/
public class InvalidCharacterFilter extends CharacterEncodingFilter{
// 需要过滤的非法字符
private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{
"script","select","insert","document","window","function",
"delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",
"drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",
"onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",
"onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",
"onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",
"expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",
"onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",
"onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",
"oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",
"ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",
"ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",
"onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",
"onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",
"onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",
"onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"
};
protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)
throws ServletException, IOException{
String parameterName = null;
String parameterValue = null;
// 获取请求的参数
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();
while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){
parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();
parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);
if(null != parameterValue){
for(String str : invalidCharacter){
if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){
request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);
RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");
requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);
return;
}
}
}
}
super.doFilterInternal(request, response, filterChain);
}
}
web.xml中的配置(部署时一些参数的含义):
<filter>
<filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>//用于为过滤器指定一个名字,该元素的内容不能为空
<filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-class>//元素用于指定过滤器的完整的限定类名
<!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数-->
<init-param>//元素用于为过滤器指定初始化参数,在过滤器中,可以使用FilterConfig接口对象来访问初始化参数。如果过滤器不需要指定初始化参数,那么<init-param>元素可以不配置。
<description>配置过滤器的初始化参数</description>
<param-name>name</param-name>
<param-value>gacl</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>//元素用于设置一个 Filter 所负责拦截的资源。一个Filter拦截的资源可通过两种方式来指定:Servlet 名称和资源访问的请求路径
<filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>//子元素用于设置filter的注册名称。该值必须是在<filter>元素中声明过的过滤器的名字
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>// “/*”表示拦截所有的请求, 设置 filter 所拦截的请求路径(过滤器关联的URL样式)
<dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>//指定过滤器所拦截的资源被 Servlet 容器调用的方式,可以是REQUEST,INCLUDE,FORWARD和ERROR之一,默认REQUEST。用户可以设置多个<dispatcher> 子元素用来指定 Filter 对资源的多种调用方式进行拦截
// REQUEST:当用户直接访问页面时,Web容器将会调用过滤器。如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的include()或forward()方法访问
时,那么该过滤器就不会被调用。
// INCLUDE:如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的include()方法访问时,那么该过滤器将被调用。除此之外,该过滤器不会被调用。
// FORWARD:如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的forward()方法访问时,那么该过滤器将被调用,除此之外,该过滤器不会被调用。
// ERROR:如果目标资源是通过声明式异常处理机制调用时,那么该过滤器将被调用。除此之外,过滤器不会被调用。
</filter-mapping>
若不使用Spring的CharacterEncodingFilter类,可以自己来写(web.xml配置类似,改个名):
/**
* SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击
*/
public class SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter implements Filter{
public void destroy() {
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
String parameterName = null;
String parameterValue = null;
// 获取请求的参数
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();
while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){
parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();
parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);
if(null != parameterValue){
for(String str : invalidCharacter){
if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){
request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);
RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");
requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);
return;
}
}
}
}
filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行
}
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
}
// 需要过滤的非法字符
private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{
"script","select","insert","document","window","function",
"delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",
"drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",
"onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",
"onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",
"onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",
"expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",
"onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",
"onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",
"oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",
"ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",
"ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",
"onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",
"onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",
"onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",
"onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"
};
}
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