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Java过滤器(Filter)

Java过滤器(Filter)

作者: 丿星纟彖彳亍 | 来源:发表于2020-09-11 14:33 被阅读0次

    1、简介

    Filter也称之为过滤器,WEB开发人员通过Filter技术,对web服务器管理的所有web资源:例如Jsp、Servlet、静态图片文件或静态html文件等进行拦截,从而实现一些特殊或高级的功能。如:

    • 实现URL级别的权限访问控制
    • 过滤敏感词汇
    • 压缩响应信息

    过滤器Filter是在开发web应用时,实现了Servlet API中提供了的Java类Filter接口。

    通过Filter技术,开发人员可以实现用户在访问某个目标资源之前,对访问的请求和响应进行拦截,示例:

    public abstract interface Filter{
        public abstract void init(FilterConfig paramFilterConfig) throws ServletException;
        public abstract void doFilter(ServletRequest paramServletRequest, ServletResponse paramServletResponse, FilterChain 
            paramFilterChain) throws IOException, ServletException;
        public abstract void destroy();
    }
    

    2、 原理

    Filter接口中有一个doFilter方法,当我们编写好Filter,并配置对哪个web资源进行拦截后,WEB服务器每次在调用web资源的service方法之前,都会先调用一下filter的doFilter方法,因此,在该方法内编写代码可达到如下目的:

    • 调用目标资源之前,让一段代码执行
    • 是否调用目标资源(即是否让用户访问web资源)
    • 调用目标资源之后,让一段代码执行

    web服务器在调用doFilter方法时,会传递一个filterChain对象进来,filterChain对象是filter接口中最重要的一个对象,它也提供了一个doFilter方法,开发人员可以根据需求决定是否调用此方法,若调用,则web服务器就会调用web资源的service方法,即web资源就会被访问,否则不会被访问。

    3、 开发流程

    3.1 步骤

    • 编写java类实现Filter接口,并实现其doFilter方法
    • 在web.xml 文件中使用<filter>和<filter-mapping>元素对编写的filter类进行注册,并设置它所能拦截的资源
      示例:
    public class FilterTest implements Filter{
        public void destroy() {
            System.out.println("----Filter销毁----");
        }
     
        public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
            // 对request、response进行一些预处理
            request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
            response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
            response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
            System.out.println("----调用service之前执行一段代码----");
            filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行
            System.out.println("----调用service之后执行一段代码----");
        }
     
        public void init(FilterConfig arg0) throws ServletException {
            System.out.println("----Filter初始化----");
        }
    }
    

    在web. xml中配置过滤器:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <web-app version="3.0" 
        xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" 
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee 
        http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
      <display-name></display-name>    
      <welcome-file-list>
        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
      </welcome-file-list>
      <!--配置过滤器-->
      <filter>
          <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
          <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>
      </filter>
      <!--映射过滤器-->
      <filter-mapping>
          <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
          <!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 -->
          <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
      </filter-mapping>
    </web-app>
    

    3.1 Filter链

    在一个web应用中,可以开发编写多个Filter,这些Filter组合起来称之为一个Filter链。

    web服务器根据Filter在web.xml文件中的注册顺序,决定先调用哪个Filter,当第一个Filter的doFilter方法被调用时,web服务器会创建一个代表Filter链的FilterChain对象传递给该方法。

    在doFilter方法中,开发人员如果调用了FilterChain对象的doFilter方法,则web服务器会检查FilterChain对象中是否还有filter,如果有,则调用第2个filter,如果没有,则调用目标资源。

    4、生命周期

    Filter的创建和销毁由web服务器负责。

    • 创建:
      web应用程序启动时,web服务器将创建Filter的实例对象,并调用其init方法,完成对象的初始化功能,从而为后续的用户请求作好拦截的准备工作,filter对象只会创建一次,init方法也只会执行一次。通过init方法的参数,可获得代表当前filter配置信息的FilterConfig对象。
    • 销毁:
      web容器调用destroy方法销毁Filter,destroy方法在Filter的生命周期中仅执行一次。
      在destroy方法中,可以释放过滤器使用的资源。

    4.3 FilterConfig接口

    用户在配置filter时,可以使用<init-param>为filter配置一些初始化参数,当web容器实例化Filter对象,调用其init方法时,会把封装了filter初始化参数的filterConfig对象传递进来。因此开发人员在编写filter时,通过filterConfig对象的方法,就可获得:

    • getFilterName(); //得到filter的名称。
    • getInitParameter(String name); // 返回在部署描述中指定名称的初始化参数的值。如果不存在返回null.
    • getInitParameterNames(); //返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。
    • getServletContext(); //返回Servlet上下文对象的引用。
      示例:利用FilterConfig得到filter配置信息
    public class FilterTest implements Filter {
        /* 过滤器初始化
         * @see javax.servlet.Filter#init(javax.servlet.FilterConfig)
         */
        @Override
        public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
            //得到过滤器的名字
            String filterName = filterConfig.getFilterName();
            //得到在web.xml文件中配置的初始化参数
            String initParam1 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("name");
            String initParam2 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("like");
            //返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。
            Enumeration<String> initParameterNames = filterConfig.getInitParameterNames();
            
            System.out.println(filterName);
            System.out.println(initParam1);
            System.out.println(initParam2);
            while (initParameterNames.hasMoreElements()) {
                String paramName = (String) initParameterNames.nextElement();
                System.out.println(paramName);
            }
        }
     
        @Override
        public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,
                FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
            System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行前!!!");
            chain.doFilter(request, response);  //让目标资源执行,放行
            System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行后!!!");
        }
     
        @Override
        public void destroy() { //过滤器销毁
        }
    }
    
               <filter>
                      <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>
                      <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>
                      <!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数-->
                      <init-param>
                          <description>FilterTest</description>
                          <param-name>name</param-name>
                          <param-value>gacl</param-value>
                      </init-param>
                      <init-param>
                          <description>配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数</description>
                          <param-name>like</param-name>
                          <param-value>java</param-value>
                      </init-param>
                </filter>
                
                 <filter-mapping>
                      <filter-name>FilterDemo02</filter-name>
                      <!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 -->
                      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
                 </filter-mapping>
    

    5、 Spring框架下,过滤器的配置

    Spring框架中很多过滤器都不用自己来写了,Spring为我们写好了一些常用的过滤器。下面我们就以字符编码的过滤器CharacterEncodingFilter为例:

        <filter>
            <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
            <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
            <init-param>
                <param-name>encoding</param-name>
                <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
            </init-param>
            <init-param>
                <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
                <param-value>true</param-value>
            </init-param>
        </filter>
        
        <filter-mapping>
            <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
            <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        </filter-mapping>
    

    全局控制字符编码的功能就酱紫完成。以下为CharacterEncodingFilter这个过滤器的关键代码范例:

    public class CharacterEncodingFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter{
        private static final boolean responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable = ClassUtils.hasMethod(
            class$javax$servlet$http$HttpServletResponse, "setCharacterEncoding", new Class[] { String.class });
        // 需要设置的编码方式,为了支持可配置,Spring把编码方式设置成了一个变量
        private String encoding;
        // 是否强制使用统一编码,也是为了支持可配置
        private boolean forceEncoding;
        // 构造器,在这里,Spring把forceEncoding的值默认设置成了false
        public CharacterEncodingFilter(){
            this.forceEncoding = false;
        }
        // encoding/forceEncoding的setter方法
        public void setEncoding(String encoding){
            this.encoding = encoding;
        }
        public void setForceEncoding(boolean forceEncoding){
            this.forceEncoding = forceEncoding;
        }
        // Spring通过GenericFilterBean抽象类,对Filter接口进行了整合,
        protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)
            throws ServletException, IOException{
            if ((this.encoding != null) && (((this.forceEncoding) || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)))) {
                request.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);
                if ((this.forceEncoding) && (responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable)) {
                    response.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);
                }
            }
            filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
        }
    }
    

    防止脚本攻击的过滤器(InvilidCharacterFilter):

    /*
     * InvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击
     * InvalidCharacterFilter继承了Spring框架的CharacterEncodingFilter过滤器,当然,我们也可以自己实现这样一个过滤器
     */
    public class InvalidCharacterFilter extends CharacterEncodingFilter{
        // 需要过滤的非法字符
        private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{
            "script","select","insert","document","window","function",
            "delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",
            "drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",
            "onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",
            "onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",
            "onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",
            "expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",
            "onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",
            "onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",
            "oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",
            "ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",
            "ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",
            "onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",
            "onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",
            "onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",
            "onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"
        };
     
        protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)
                throws ServletException, IOException{   
            String parameterName = null;
            String parameterValue = null;
            // 获取请求的参数
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();
            while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){
                parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();
                parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);
                if(null != parameterValue){
                    for(String str : invalidCharacter){
                        if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){
                            request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);
                            RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");
                            requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            super.doFilterInternal(request, response, filterChain);
        }
    }
    

    web.xml中的配置(部署时一些参数的含义):

        <filter>
            <filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>//用于为过滤器指定一个名字,该元素的内容不能为空
            <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-class>//元素用于指定过滤器的完整的限定类名
        <!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数-->
        <init-param>//元素用于为过滤器指定初始化参数,在过滤器中,可以使用FilterConfig接口对象来访问初始化参数。如果过滤器不需要指定初始化参数,那么<init-param>元素可以不配置。
            <description>配置过滤器的初始化参数</description>
            <param-name>name</param-name>
            <param-value>gacl</param-value>
        </init-param>
    
        </filter>
        <filter-mapping>//元素用于设置一个 Filter 所负责拦截的资源。一个Filter拦截的资源可通过两种方式来指定:Servlet 名称和资源访问的请求路径
            <filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>//子元素用于设置filter的注册名称。该值必须是在<filter>元素中声明过的过滤器的名字
            <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>// “/*”表示拦截所有的请求, 设置 filter 所拦截的请求路径(过滤器关联的URL样式)
            <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>//指定过滤器所拦截的资源被 Servlet 容器调用的方式,可以是REQUEST,INCLUDE,FORWARD和ERROR之一,默认REQUEST。用户可以设置多个<dispatcher> 子元素用来指定 Filter 对资源的多种调用方式进行拦截
     // REQUEST:当用户直接访问页面时,Web容器将会调用过滤器。如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的include()或forward()方法访问
    时,那么该过滤器就不会被调用。
       // INCLUDE:如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的include()方法访问时,那么该过滤器将被调用。除此之外,该过滤器不会被调用。
        // FORWARD:如果目标资源是通过RequestDispatcher的forward()方法访问时,那么该过滤器将被调用,除此之外,该过滤器不会被调用。
        // ERROR:如果目标资源是通过声明式异常处理机制调用时,那么该过滤器将被调用。除此之外,过滤器不会被调用。
        </filter-mapping>
    

    若不使用Spring的CharacterEncodingFilter类,可以自己来写(web.xml配置类似,改个名):

    /**
     * SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击
     */
    public class SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter implements Filter{
        public void destroy() {
            
        }
     
        public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
            String parameterName = null;
            String parameterValue = null;
            // 获取请求的参数
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();
            while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){
                parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();
                parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);
                if(null != parameterValue){
                    for(String str : invalidCharacter){
                        if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){
                            request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);
                            RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");
                            requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行
        }
     
        public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
            
        }
        // 需要过滤的非法字符
        private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{
            "script","select","insert","document","window","function",
            "delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",
            "drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",
            "onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",
            "onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",
            "onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",
            "expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",
            "onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",
            "onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",
            "oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",
            "ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",
            "ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",
            "onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",
            "onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",
            "onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",
            "onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"
        };
    }
    

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