概述
在 RxJava 中可以通过 subscribeOn/observeOn 很方便地完成上下游指定线程的切换,日常开发除了一些常用的Rx 操作符外,这两个方法也是打交道最多的。最初学习 RxJava 的时候总是死记硬背:subscribeOn 用于指定上游线程,observeOn 用于指定下游线程,多次用 subscribeOn 指定上游线程只有第一次有效,多次用 observeOn 指定下次线程,每次都有效…很久不用之后,总是把这两个方法搞混,那么这两个方法内部是怎么实现的呢?本篇先分析subscribeOn 方法。
例子
先回顾上篇文章的流程,饭店(Observable)开张前提要有厨师(ObservableOnSubscribe),接着改名叫沙县小吃(ObservableCreate),饭店接客(Observable.subscribe(observer)),创建服务员(CreateEmitter)把顾客和厨师关联起来,之后厨师每做一道菜都通过服务员端给顾客,整个流程如下:
我们都知道 Andriod 有主线程,在未指定线程切换操作的情况下,上图的流程是跑在主线程中,另外主线程中往往还存在其他任务需要执行,所以结合线程来看应该是这样的
image上图给人一种感觉,好像厨师的菜是「秒做」出来的,然而我们都知道现实生活中厨师做菜是需要时间的,在安卓中,主线程执行耗时操作会阻塞后续的任务,还有可能引起 ANR,所以厨师做菜的操作不能放在主线程中 。下面让上游睡5秒模拟耗时操作
上游:
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final Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe<String>() {
@Override
public void subscribe(ObservableEmitter<String> e) throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(5000);
Log.e(TAG, "服务员从厨师那取得 扁食" + " 线程名: "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
e.onNext("扁食");
Log.e(TAG, "服务员从厨师那取得 拌面" + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
e.onNext("拌面");
Log.e(TAG, "服务员从厨师那取得 蒸饺" + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
e.onNext("蒸饺");
Log.e(TAG, "厨师告知服务员菜上好了" + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
e.onComplete();
}
});
</pre>
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</figure>
下游:
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Observer<String> observer = new Observer<String>() {
@Override
public void onSubscribe(Disposable d) {
Log.d(TAG, "来个沙县套餐!!!" + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
@Override
public void onNext(String s) {
Log.d(TAG, "服务员端给顾客 " + s + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
@Override
public void onError(Throwable e) {
}
@Override
public void onComplete() {
Log.d(TAG, "服务员告诉顾客菜上好了" + " 线程名: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
};
</pre>
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</figure>
建立联系,以及执行其他任务(这里只是打了个 log )
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source.subscribe(observer);
Log.d(TAG, "其他任务执行");
</pre>
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</figure>
打印如下:
image可以看到,由于上游耗时,导致主线程中「其他任务」被阻塞了,因此需要新建一个子线程来处理上游的耗时任务,使用 RxJava 的 subscribeOn 就能轻松实现,修改代码:
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source.subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
.subscribe(observer);
Log.e(TAG, "其他任务执行");
</pre>
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</figure>
打印如下:
image此时「其他任务」不会被阻塞。从上面的 log 可以看到,创建了 RxNewThreadScheduler-1 的子线程来执行上游的耗时任务,并且此时下游除 onSubscribe 外,所有方法都执行在子线程中,它是怎么做到的?(通常情况下游会调用 observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()) 来更新UI,下篇分析)。
源码分析
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source.subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
.subscribe(observer);
</pre>
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</figure>
上面的代码简短优雅,其实做了很多事情。基于上篇的分析,在执行完 Observable.create 和 new Observer 后此时主线程应该是下面的样子
imageSchedulers.newThread()
Scheduler 翻译为调度器,RxJava2 中 Scheduler 的一些常用子类如下:
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static final class SingleHolder {
static final Scheduler DEFAULT = new SingleScheduler();
}
static final class ComputationHolder {
static final Scheduler DEFAULT = new ComputationScheduler();
}
static final class IoHolder {
static final Scheduler DEFAULT = new IoScheduler();
}
static final class NewThreadHolder {
static final Scheduler DEFAULT = new NewThreadScheduler();
}
</pre>
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</figure>
Schedulers.newThread() 会初始化 NewThreadScheduler ;
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public final class NewThreadScheduler extends Scheduler {
final ThreadFactory threadFactory;
//看着很眼熟,原来我们上游的线程名称的一部分就是这么起的"RxNewThreadScheduler-1"
private static final String THREAD_NAME_PREFIX = "RxNewThreadScheduler";
//线程工厂
private static final RxThreadFactory THREAD_FACTORY;
/** The name of the system property for setting the thread priority for this Scheduler. */
//用来设置线程优先级的key
private static final String KEY_NEWTHREAD_PRIORITY = "rx2.newthread-priority";
//静态代码块
static {
//确定线程的优先级,这里初始化为5 NORM_PRIORITY
int priority = Math.max(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY, Math.min(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY,
Integer.getInteger(KEY_NEWTHREAD_PRIORITY, Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)));
//初始化线程工厂,传入线程名称和优先级
THREAD_FACTORY = new RxThreadFactory(THREAD_NAME_PREFIX, priority);
}
//赋值
public NewThreadScheduler() {
this(THREAD_FACTORY);
}
//赋值
public NewThreadScheduler(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
}
@NonNull
@Override
//这个方法很重要,很重要,很重要!!!后面会用到
public Worker createWorker() {
return new NewThreadWorker(threadFactory);
}
}
</pre>
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</figure>
上面的注释已经解释得很清楚了,在初始化 NewThreadScheduler 的时候会创建 RxThreadFactory,并指明了该线程工厂之后生产线程的名称和默认优先级;RxThreadFactory 是 ThreadFactory 的子类,也没多少代码
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public RxThreadFactory(String prefix, int priority) {
this(prefix, priority, false);
}
public RxThreadFactory(String prefix, int priority, boolean nonBlocking) {
this.prefix = prefix;
this.priority = priority;
this.nonBlocking = nonBlocking;
}
@Override
//生产新线程的方法!!!
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
StringBuilder nameBuilder = new StringBuilder(prefix).append('-').append(incrementAndGet());
String name = nameBuilder.toString();
Thread t = nonBlocking ? new RxCustomThread(r, name) : new Thread(r, name);
t.setPriority(priority);
t.setDaemon(true);
return t;
}
</pre>
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</figure>
RxThreadFactory 中的 newThread 方法用来生产新线程。Schedulers.newThread() 到此就完成了它的工作,总结下来就是:
1.创建线程调度器 NewThreadScheduler;
2.创建线程工厂 RxThreadFactory ;
到目前为止这些操作都是在主线程中执行的,子线程还未被创建。
imagesubscribeOn(Scheduler scheduler)
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public final Observable<T> subscribeOn(Scheduler scheduler) {
ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(scheduler, "scheduler is null");
return RxJavaPlugins.onAssembly(new ObservableSubscribeOn<T>(this, scheduler));
}
</pre>
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</figure>
该方法返回 Observable ,创建了 ObservableSubscribeOn ,名字起得又很容易让人头晕…这里就不画关系图了,只关心它的属性即可,它是 Observable(饭店) 的子类,结合我们举的例子,就给它起名黄焖鸡饭店;this 就是上面传过来的沙县小吃(ObservableCreate) ;初始化如下:
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public final class ObservableSubscribeOn<T> extends AbstractObservableWithUpstream<T, T> {
final Scheduler scheduler;
public ObservableSubscribeOn(ObservableSource<T> source, Scheduler scheduler) {
super(source);
this.scheduler = scheduler;
}
//省略其他代码
}
</pre>
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</figure>
目前为止这些操作都是在主线程中执行,子线程还未创建
imagesubscribe(Observer observer)
通过上篇学习可知,subscribe(observer) 内部会调用 subscribeActual(observer) ,该方法是个抽象方法,具体实现在 Observable(饭店) 的子类,现在是 ObservableSubscribeOn(黄焖鸡饭店)。
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public void subscribeActual(final Observer<? super T> s) {
//注释1
final SubscribeOnObserver<T> parent = new SubscribeOnObserver<T>(s);
//注释2
s.onSubscribe(parent);
//注释3
parent.setDisposable(scheduler.scheduleDirect(new SubscribeTask(parent)));
}
</pre>
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</figure>
注释1 又冒出来一个 SubscribeOnObserver,同样只关心它的属性,SubscribeOnObserver 是AtomicReference的子类(保证原子性),同时实现了 Observer(也是个顾客) 和 Disposable(保证一次性操作) 接口;为了方便理解,假设之前传的顾客叫小明,这里的顾客叫小红,小红会持有小明的引用(actual),之后一系列的方法实际上会调用到小明的方法。
注释2 执行顾客小明的 onSubscribe 方法,我们发现到目前为止还没有创建过子线程,所以解释了上面 log 下游 onSubscribe 打印线程名为 main。
image注释3 分为下面3步
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步骤③ 步骤② 步骤①
parent.setDisposable(scheduler.scheduleDirect(new SubscribeTask(parent)));
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</figure>
步骤① SubscribeTask 是 ObservableSubscribeOn(黄焖鸡饭店) 的内部类,实现了 Runnable 接口
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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final class SubscribeTask implements Runnable {
private final SubscribeOnObserver<T> parent;
SubscribeTask(SubscribeOnObserver<T> parent) {
this.parent = parent;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//这里的 source 就是之前传的 ObservableCreate(沙县小吃)
source.subscribe(parent);
}
}
</pre>
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</figure>
如果 run 方法被触发,那么执行顺序是:
Observable.subscribe() —> Observable.subscribeActual() —> ObservableCreate.subscribeActual(),绕了一圈又回到上篇的那个流程。为了方便理解,SubscribeTask 就是黄焖鸡饭店(ObservableSubscribeOn)的「任务」也就是沙县小吃的「做菜」(ObservableCreate.subscribeActual)。所以现在万事具备,只差子线程了。
步骤② Scheduler.scheduleDirect()
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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/**
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Schedules the given task on this scheduler non-delayed execution.
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<p>
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This method is safe to be called from multiple threads but there are no
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ordering guarantees between tasks.
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@param run the task to execute
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@return the Disposable instance that let's one cancel this particular task.
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@since 2.0
*/
//这里调度的时候不保证顺序
//第二个参数为0,不延时,直接调度
@NonNull
public Disposable scheduleDirect(@NonNull Runnable run) {
return scheduleDirect(run, 0L, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
}
</pre>
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</figure>
注意这个方法的注释,该方法调度的时候不保证顺序,所以平时在配合使用 subscribeOn(子线程)/observeOn(主线程) 会出现上下游输出顺序不确定的情况(比如有时候上游生产了3个后才逐个发送给下游,有时上游生产了2个,就开始发送给下游),这也是多线程的一个特点。当然这里不会出现这个情况,因为从输出来看,此时上下游都在一个子线程里。貌似跑远了…继续分析
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public Disposable scheduleDirect(@NonNull Runnable run, long delay, @NonNull TimeUnit unit) {
final Worker w = createWorker();
final Runnable decoratedRun = RxJavaPlugins.onSchedule(run);
DisposeTask task = new DisposeTask(decoratedRun, w);
w.schedule(task, delay, unit);
return task;
}
// Scheduler 中为抽象方法
public abstract Worker createWorker();
</pre>
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</figure>
前面创建 NewThreadScheduler 的时候说 createWorker() 方法很重要,这里派上用场了:
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//NewThreadScheduler.java
public Worker createWorker() {
return new NewThreadWorker(threadFactory);
}
//NewThreadWorker.java
public NewThreadWorker(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
//实例化 ScheduledExecutorService 对象 executor 管理线程池
executor = SchedulerPoolFactory.create(threadFactory);
}
//SchedulerPoolFactory.java
public static ScheduledExecutorService create(ThreadFactory factory) {
//默认线程池大小为1
final ScheduledExecutorService exec = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1, factory);
if (exec instanceof ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor) {
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor e = (ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor) exec;
POOLS.put(e, exec);
}
return exec;
}
</pre>
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</figure>
NewThreadWorker 内部维护一个线程池 ScheduledExecutorService , 主要作用是提供延时调度和周期性调度,默认线程池大小为1,线程池里的线程通过我们传的线程工厂创建。
image之后把 NewThreadWorker 和步骤①中的任务包装成 DisposeTask,又是一个Runnable
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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public void run() {
//注意这里会获取当前所在线程
runner = Thread.currentThread();
try {
//在当前线程中执行
decoratedRun.run();
} finally {
//执行完后断开
dispose();
runner = null;
}
}
</pre>
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</figure>
最后会执行 NewThreadWorker.schedule 方法
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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public Disposable schedule(@NonNull final Runnable action, long delayTime, @NonNull TimeUnit unit) {
if (disposed) {
return EmptyDisposable.INSTANCE;
}
return scheduleActual(action, delayTime, unit, null);
}
public Disposable scheduleDirect(final Runnable run, long delayTime, TimeUnit unit) {
ScheduledDirectTask task = new ScheduledDirectTask(RxJavaPlugins.onSchedule(run));
try {
Future<?> f;
//不延时,直接调度
if (delayTime <= 0L) {
//此时任务执行在子线程中
f = executor.submit(task);
} else {
f = executor.schedule(task, delayTime, unit);
}
task.setFuture(f);
return task;
} catch (RejectedExecutionException ex) {
RxJavaPlugins.onError(ex);
return EmptyDisposable.INSTANCE;
}
}
</pre>
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</figure>
到这里终于看到任务(ObservableCreate.subscribeActual)执行在子线程中。
步骤③ parent.setDisposable 设置可中断。至此流程如下
image之后所有的事情都是在子线程中进行的,上篇已经分析过了
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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protected void subscribeActual(Observer<? super T> observer) {
//创建服务员,并和顾客联系,这里的顾客是小红
CreateEmitter<T> parent = new CreateEmitter<T>(observer);
//执行顾客小红的的 onSubscribe ,注意这里不会再回调顾客小明的onSubscribe
//因为顾客小红的 onSubscribe 中只是将接收事件的行为设置成一次性,并没有回调小明方法
observer.onSubscribe(parent);
try {
//厨师做菜,并和服务员联系
source.subscribe(parent);
} catch (Throwable ex) {
Exceptions.throwIfFatal(ex);
parent.onError(ex);
}
}
</pre>
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</figure>
后续还有:服务员端菜(CreateEmitter.onNext) —> 顾客小红拿到菜(SubscribeOnObserver.onNext) —> 顾客小明拿到菜(Observer.onNext),模拟如下:
image多次subscribeOn
<figure class="highlight plain" style="display: block; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(77, 77, 76); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); line-height: 1.6; border-radius: 1px; font-family: Lato, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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source.subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
.subscribe(observer);
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</figure>
上面我先把任务从一个线程切换到另一个线程,但是只有最先指定的有效(可以用 io 线程更容易看出差别),这是为啥呢?通过上面的分析我们知道,subscribeOn() 每次会返回一个 Observable ,为了方便理解,把先指定返回的Observable 叫黄焖鸡1号店,后指定返回的 Observable 叫黄焖鸡2号店,第一个 subscribeOn() 执行:
image黄焖鸡1号店创建的时候会持有沙县小吃的引用,接着第二个 subscribeOn() 执行:
image黄焖鸡2号店创建的时候会持有黄焖鸡1号店的引用,接着执行 subscribe(observer) 方法,会先调用黄焖鸡2号店的 subscribeActual() 方法:
image接着调用黄焖鸡2号店的 subscribeActual() 方法 :
image可以看到此时黄焖鸡1号店的 Worker 和小红是创建在子线程2的,并在子线程2中把当前线程切到了新的线程,后面的操作就和上面一样了,这就是为啥多次通过 subscribeOn 指定线程,只有最先指定的有效。
最后
多次用 subscribeOn 指定上游线程真的只有第一次有效吗?其实不然,具体可以看Dávid Karnok 的这篇博客,其中涉及到一些 Rx 操作符操作,本篇只是介绍 subscribeOn 的使用和原理,就不引入其他内容,mark 下日后再捡起来看。
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