Hibernate 是由 Gavin King 于 2001 年创建的开放源代码的对象关系框架。它强大且高效的构建具有关系对象持久性和查询服务的 Java 应用程序。Hibernate 将Java类映射到数据表中从Java 数据类型中映射到 SQL 数据类型中,并把开发人员从 95%的公共数据持续性编程工作中解放出来。
Hibernate 优势
- Hibernate 使用 XML 文件来处理映射 Java
- 类别到数据库表格中,并且不用编写任何代码。
- 为在数据库中直接储存和检索 Java 对象提供简单的 APIs。
- 如果在数据库中或任何其它表格中出现变化,那么仅需要改变 XML 文件属性。
- 抽象不熟悉的 SQL 类型,并为我们提供工作中所熟悉的 Java 对象。
- Hibernate 不需要应用程序服务器来操作。
- 操控你数据库中对象复杂的关联。
- 最小化与访问数据库的智能提取策略。
- 提供简单的数据询问。
Hibernate 应用程序架构视图
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i2169292/168cb828095e866b.jpg)
下面是一个详细的 Hibernate 应用程序体系结构视图以及一些重要的类。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i2169292/d665745f783c82bc.jpg)
- 配置对象
配置对象是你在任何 Hibernate 应用程序中创造的第一个 Hibernate 对象,并且经常只在应用程序初始化期间创造。它代表了 Hibernate 所需一个配置或属性文件。配置对象提供了两种基础组件。
- 数据库连接:由 Hibernate 支持的一个或多个配置文件处理。这些文件是 hibernate.properties 和 hibernate.cfg.xml。
- 类映射设置:这个组件创造了 Java 类和数据库表格之间的联系。
-
SessionFactory 对象
配置对象被用于创造一个 SessionFactory 对象,使用提供的配置文件为应用程序依次配置 Hibernate,并允许实例化一个会话对象。SessionFactory 是一个线程安全对象并由应用程序所有的线程所使用。
SessionFactory 是一个重量级对象所以通常它都是在应用程序启动时创造然后留存为以后使用。每个数据库需要一个 SessionFactory 对象使用一个单独的配置文件。所以如果你使用多种数据库那么你要创造多种 SessionFactory 对象。 -
Session 对象
一个会话被用于与数据库的物理连接。Session 对象是轻量级的,并被设计为每次实例化都需要与数据库的交互。持久对象通过 Session 对象保存和检索。
Session 对象不应该长时间保持开启状态因为它们通常情况下并非线程安全,并且它们应该按照所需创造和销毁。 -
Transaction 对象
一个事务代表了与数据库工作的一个单元并且大部分 RDBMS 支持事务功能。在 Hibernate 中事务由底层事务管理器和事务(来自 JDBC 或者 JTA)处理。
这是一个选择性对象,Hibernate 应用程序可能不选择使用这个接口,而是在自己应用程序代码中管理事务。 -
Query 对象
Query 对象使用 SQL 或者 Hibernate 查询语言(HQL)字符串在数据库中来检索数据并创造对象。一个查询的实例被用于连结查询参数,限制由查询返回的结果数量,并最终执行查询。 -
Criteria 对象
Criteria 对象被用于创造和执行面向规则查询的对象来检索对象。
会话
Session 用于获取与数据库的物理连接。 Session 对象是轻量级的,并且设计为在每次需要与数据库进行交互时被实例化。持久态对象被保存,并通过 Session 对象检索找回。
该 Session 对象不应该长时间保持开放状态,因为它们通常不能保证线程安全,而应该根据需求被创建和销毁。Session 的主要功能是为映射实体类的实例提供创建,读取和删除操作。这些实例可能在给定时间点时存在于以下三种状态之一:
- 瞬时状态: 一种新的持久性实例,被 Hibernate 认为是瞬时的,它不与 Session 相关联,在数据库中没有与之关联的记录且无标识符值。
- 持久状态:可以将一个瞬时状态实例通过与一个 Session 关联的方式将其转化为持久状态实例。持久状态实例在数据库中没有与之关联的记录,有标识符值,并与一个 Session 关联。
- 脱管状态:一旦关闭 Hibernate Session,持久状态实例将会成为脱管状态实例。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i2169292/74ef6eb243b5e494.png)
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try {
tx = session.beginTransaction();
// do some work
...
tx.commit();
}
catch (Exception e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
持久化类
在 Hibernate 中,其对象或实例将会被存储在数据库表单中的 Java 类被称为持久化类。
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int salary;
public Employee() {}
public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) {
this.firstName = fname;
this.lastName = lname;
this.salary = salary;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
映射文件
一个对象/关系型映射一般定义在 XML 文件中。映射文件指示 Hibernate 如何将已经定义的类或类组与数据库中的表对应起来。
Employee.hbm.xml
create table EMPLOYEE (
id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
salary INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the employee detail.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
<property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
hibernate.cfg.xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hibernate</property>
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
<mapping resource="com/hibernate/User.hbm.xml"/>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
操作数据库
public class ManageEmployee {
private static SessionFactory factory;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}catch (Throwable ex) {
System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
/* Add few employee records in database */
Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Zara", "Ali", 1000);
Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Daisy", "Das", 5000);
Integer empID3 = ME.addEmployee("John", "Paul", 10000);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
/* Update employee's records */
ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);
/* Delete an employee from the database */
ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);
/* List down new list of the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
}
/* Method to CREATE an employee in the database */
public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, int salary){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer employeeID = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary);
employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return employeeID;
}
/* Method to READ all the employees */
public void listEmployees( ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list();
for (Iterator iterator =
employees.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();){
Employee employee = (Employee) iterator.next();
System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName());
System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
}
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to UPDATE salary for an employee */
public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
employee.setSalary( salary );
session.update(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to DELETE an employee from the records */
public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
session.delete(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
}
注释
@Entity
@Table(name = "EMPLOYEE")
public class Employee {
@Id @GeneratedValue
@Column(name = "id")
private int id;
@Column(name = "first_name")
private String firstName;
@Column(name = "last_name")
private String lastName;
@Column(name = "salary")
private int salary;
public Employee() {}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
创建应用类
public class ManageEmployee {
private static SessionFactory factory;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
factory = new AnnotationConfiguration().
configure().
//addPackage("com.xyz") //add package if used.
addAnnotatedClass(Employee.class).
buildSessionFactory();
}catch (Throwable ex) {
System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
/* Add few employee records in database */
Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Zara", "Ali", 1000);
Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Daisy", "Das", 5000);
Integer empID3 = ME.addEmployee("John", "Paul", 10000);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
/* Update employee's records */
ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);
/* Delete an employee from the database */
ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);
/* List down new list of the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
}
/* Method to CREATE an employee in the database */
public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, int salary){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer employeeID = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.setFirstName(fname);
employee.setLastName(lname);
employee.setSalary(salary);
employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return employeeID;
}
/* Method to READ all the employees */
public void listEmployees( ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list();
for (Iterator iterator =
employees.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();){
Employee employee = (Employee) iterator.next();
System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName());
System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
}
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to UPDATE salary for an employee */
public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
employee.setSalary( salary );
session.update(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to DELETE an employee from the records */
public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
session.delete(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
}
缓存
-
【1】一级缓存也叫session级缓存或事务级缓存,一级缓存的生命周期和Session的生命周期一致,也就是当 session关闭时缓存即被清除,一级缓存在Hibernate中是不可配置的,即不能被卸载。 当应用程序调用Session的save()、update()、savaeOrUpdate()、get()或load(),以及调用查询接口的list()、iterate()或filter()方法时,如果在Session缓存中还不存在相应的对象,Hibernate就会把该对象加入到第一级缓存中。当清理缓存时,Hibernate会根据缓存中对象的状态变化来同步更新数据库。 Session为应用程序提供了两个管理缓存的方法: evict(Object obj):从缓存中清除参数指定的持久化对象。 clear():清空缓存中所有持久化对象。
-
【2】二级缓存也称进程级缓存或SessionFactory级缓存,二级缓存可以被所有的session共享,二级缓存的生命周期和SessionFactory的生命周期一致。二级缓存在Hibernate中是可以配置的,可以通过class-cache配置类粒度级别的缓存(class-cache在class中数据发生任何变化的情况下自动更新),同时也可通过collection-cache配置集合粒度级别的缓存(collection-cache仅在 collection中增加了元素或者删除了元素的情况下才自动更新,也就是当collection中元素发生值的变化的情况下它是不会自动更新的)。
关联关系
- 多对多
//开发人员信息
public class Developer {
private Integer d_id;//开发人员编号
private String d_name;//开发人员姓名
//开发人员参与的多个项目
private Set<Project> projects=new HashSet<Project>();
public Integer getD_id() {
return d_id;
}
public void setD_id(Integer d_id) {
this.d_id = d_id;
}
public String getD_name() {
return d_name;
}
public void setD_name(String d_name) {
this.d_name = d_name;
}
public Set<Project> getProjects() {
return projects;
}
public void setProjects(Set<Project> projects) {
this.projects = projects;
}
}
public class Project {
private Integer prj_id;//项目编号
private String prj_name;//项目名称
//项目下的多个员工
private Set<Developer> developers=new HashSet<Developer>();
public Integer getPrj_id() {
return prj_id;
}
public void setPrj_id(Integer prj_id) {
this.prj_id = prj_id;
}
public String getPrj_name() {
return prj_name;
}
public void setPrj_name(String prj_name) {
this.prj_name = prj_name;
}
public Set<Developer> getDevelopers() {
return developers;
}
public void setDevelopers(Set<Developer> developers) {
this.developers = developers;
}
}
<!-- Developer.hbm.xml -->
<hibernate-mapping package="cn.itcast.c_many2many">
<class name="Developer" table="t_developer">
<id name="d_id">
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<property name="d_name"></property>
<set name="projects" table="t_relation">
<key column="did"></key>
<many-to-many column="prjId" class="Project"></many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
<!-- Project.hbm.xml -->
<hibernate-mapping package="cn.itcast.c_many2many">
<class name="Project" table="t_project">
<id name="prj_id">
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<property name="prj_name"></property>
<!-- 多对多映射:
1.映射的集合属性:developers
2.集合属性:对应的中间表,t_relation
3.外键字段:prjid
4.外键字段:对应的中间表字段,did
5.集合属性元素的类型 -->
<set name="developers" table="t_relation">
<key column="prjId"></key>
<many-to-many column="did" class="Developer"></many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
查询语言
Hibernate 查询语言(HQL)是一种面向对象的查询语言,类似于 SQL,但不是去对表和列进行操作,而是面向对象和它们的属性。 HQL 查询被 Hibernate 翻译为传统的 SQL 查询从而对数据库进行操作。
// FROM 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// AS 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee AS E";
// String hql = "FROM Employee E";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// SELECT 语句
String hql = "SELECT E.firstName FROM Employee E";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// WHERE 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = 10";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
//ORDER BY 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 ORDER BY E.salary DESC";
//String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 " +
"ORDER BY E.firstName DESC, E.salary DESC ";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// GROUP BY 语句
String hql = "SELECT SUM(E.salary), E.firtName FROM Employee E " + "GROUP BY E.firstName";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// 使用命名参数
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = :employee_id";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setParameter("employee_id",10);
List results = query.list();
// UPDATE 语句
String hql = "UPDATE Employee set salary = :salary " +
"WHERE id = :employee_id";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setParameter("salary", 1000);
query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
// DELETE 语句
String hql = "DELETE FROM Employee " +
"WHERE id = :employee_id";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
// INSERT 语句
String hql = "INSERT INTO Employee(firstName, lastName, salary)" +
"SELECT firstName, lastName, salary FROM old_employee";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
//聚合方法
方法 描述
avg(property name) 属性的平均值
count(property name or *) 属性在结果中出现的次数
max(property name) 属性值的最大值
min(property name) 属性值的最小值
sum(property name) 属性值的总和
// distinct 关键字表示只计算行集中的唯一值。下面的查询只计算唯一的值:
String hql = "SELECT count(distinct E.firstName) FROM Employee E";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
// 使用分页查询
String hql = "FROM Employee";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setFirstResult(1);
query.setMaxResults(10);
List results = query.list();
批处理
为了使用批处理这个特性,首先设置 hibernate.jdbc.batch_size 作为批处理的尺寸,取一个依赖于对象尺寸的值 20 或 50。这将告诉 hibernate 容器每 X 行为一批插入。
<property name="hibernate.jdbc.batch_size">50</property>
更多内容
1. Hibernate实体关系映射
2. Hibernate延迟加载
3. Hibernate配置文件详解-1
4. Hibernate配置文件详解-2
5. Hibernate HQL详解
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