3.8.进行时(progressive)，强调(emphatic)和疑问(interrogative)的动词词形变换
除了动词的通用风格，还有几种专门的动词词形变换模式，主要是：进行时，强调，疑问。
I. 动词进行时格式。
表示动词判定的这个动作或状态的持续性:例如，“I am writing；” “He was sleeping.”其构成方式为动词“to be”的各种格式与动词的现在分词组合而成。
以动词learn示例进行时格式。
-------------------------------------------陈述语气----------------------------------------------
当前时态…… 1. I am learning. 2. Thon art learning. 3. He is learning;等等。
过去时态…… 1. I was learning. 2. Thon wast learning. 3. He was learning; 等等。
将来时态…… 1. I shall or will be learning. 2. Thou shalt or wilt be learning. 3. He shall 或 will be learning ; 等等。
当前完成时态…… l. I have been learning. 2. Thon hast been learning. 3. He has been learning ;等等。
过去完成时态…… 1. I had been learning. 2. Thou hadst been learning. 3. He had been learning; 等等。
将来完成时态…… 1. I shall 或 will have been learning. 2. Thou shalt 或 wilt have been learning. 3. He shall 或will have been learning; 等等。
-------------------------------------------可能语气----------------------------------------------
当前时态…… 1. I may be learning. 2. Thou mayst be leaning. 3. He may be learning; 等等。
过去时态…… 1. I might be learning. 2. Thou mightst be leaming. 3. He
might be learning ; 等等。
当前完成时态…… 1. I may have been learning. 2. Thou mayst have been
learning. 3. He may have been learning;等等。
过去完成时态…… 1. I might have been learning. 2. Thou mightst have been
learning. 3. He might have been learning; 等等。
-------------------------------------------虚拟语气----------------------------------------------
当前时态…… 1. If I be learning. 2. If thoo be learning. 3. If he be learning ; 等等。
过去时态…… 1. If I were learning. 2.If thou were learning. 3. If he were learning ; 等等。
-------------------------------------------祈使语气----------------------------------------------
当前时态…… Be learning, 或 do be learning; 等等。
-----------------------------------------不定式格式--------------------------------------------
当前时态…… to be learning, 或 do be learning; 等等。
完成时态…… to have been learning；(动名词) being learning.
-----------------------------------------分词格式--------------------------------------------
当前时态…… being learning。
过去时态…… been learning。
完成时态…… having been learning、
--------------------关于进行时的被动式注意事项----------------------
(1) 对于被动语态的当前时态和过去时态进行时格式，将to be 动词的当前被动分词与动词陈述语气的当前时态和过去时态相结合组成：例如——
The house is being built. The book was being printed.
可以与”to be”动词的当前被动分词各种格式连接的动词各种时态组合有两种，这两种单独使用，因为其它的动词短语不满足这种严格的条件：例如，“He shall be being loved.”
(这两种时态相结来说是最近引入，它们引入时间不超过一个世纪，某些人认为是一种不好的英语格式，然而，也有很多优秀的作者自由使用，可视为已确立这种用法。)
(2) 进行时被动语态的旧风格句子——
The house is building. The book is printing.
这种方式，将“to be”动词与给定动词的动名词结合的方式，现在几乎不再使用。
(3) 现解上面句子中的“building”和“printing”的特征尤为重要，因为这种格式有时候容易被错误地当成“被动时态的现在分词”,早期英语中，这种格式写成“a-building”，“a-printing”，例如——
“Forty-six years was this temple abuildinge. ”——Tyndale.
“a-building”中的小品词“a”是Anglo-Saxon(古英语)中前置词an(=on或in)的缩写形式：因此，“a-building”=in building，从这儿分析可以明显看出，上面的building并不是现在分词，而是动名词。其结果就是，例证“The house is，was，will be building.”的表达模式(如果认为是“The house is，等等，a-building”的省略句)，是完美的文法格式。这是一种好的地道英语，并且更倾向于这种组合“The house is being built；”据此，这种类似“a-building”的格式丢失，在其起源的错误认识下，现在只能选择将其抛弃。
II. 动词强调格式。
动词的强调格式由do或did与动词的零不定式(不带to的不定式)连接而组成：例如——
“I do learn；” “I did learn.”
这种格式仅存在于当前时态和陈述语气的过去时态主动句，以及祈使句中。
当前时态——I do learn, thou dost learn, he does learn；等等.
过去时态——I did learn, thou didst learn, he did learn；等等.
祈使语气——Do learn.
III. 动词疑问格式。
疑问格式用于动词的疑问句中：例如——“Can he see?”“Shall he be punished？”
这种格式用于陈述语气和可能语气。
(1) 动词在疑问句中的变换方式
a. 将主语置于动词之后：例如，“Hourest thou?”；
b. 将语置于辅助动词和动词之间：例如,“May we go?”；
c. 当用到两个或以上辅助动词的时候，将主语置于第一个辅助动词之后：例如，“Could he have called?”。
(2) 通常用法是，动词陈述语气的当前时态和过去时态，使用do或did渲染为主语置于其后的疑问句：例如：“Do you hear?” “Did you hear?”
-------------------------动词“to see”作为疑问格式的示例-----------------
--------------------------------------------主动语态-------------------------------------------
陈述语气。——See I，或do I see？Saw I，或did I see? Shall 或Will I see? Have I seen? Had I seen? Shall 或Will I have seen?
可能语气。——May I see? Might I see? May I have seen? Might I have seen?
--------------------------------------------被动语态-------------------------------------------
陈述语气。——Am I seen？Was I seen? Shall I be seen? Have I been seen? Had I been seen? Shall 或Will I have been seen?
可能语气。——May I be seen? Might I be seen? May I have been seen? Might I have been seen?
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
网友评论