Surveying China’s livestreaming economy
审视中国的直播经济
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2016 年被称为“网络直播元年”,上百家直播平台兴起,各大主播凭借人气和热度频频开出天价转会费。新华网制作的《95 后的迷之就业观》显示,超过半数的“95 后”想当网红,可是,遍地黄金的行业背后,是寻常人看不见的辛酸苦楚。今天的学习内容选自《经济学人》,我们将通过一部名为《虚你人生》的纪录片,了解昙花一现的直播行业。What was once a niche subculture has evolved into a $5bn business in China. In 2016 nearly half the country’s Internet users watched a livestream. “People’s Republic of Desire”, a documentary directed by Hao Wu, reveals the strange machinations of an online world where people can fulfil their most basic social needs.
曾经的利基型次文化,如今已在中国发展成价值 50 亿美金的行业。2016 年,这个国家大约半数网民都看过网络直播。《虚你人生》这部由吴皓导演的纪录片,揭示了网络世界中不寻常的套路,人们在这里得以满足他们最基本的社交需求。
The livestreamers themselves are usually poorly educated and unemployed: they perform online in hope of quick fame and fortune. Big Li migrated from Hubei to Beijing to work as a security guard, before striking it rich livestreaming full-time.
主播们自身通常没受过什么教育,也没有工作。他们在网上表演,以期一夜成名和赚笔快钱。老李从湖北来到北京当保安,之后全职当主播发了横财。
At the heart of the film, then, is a familiar story. Livestreaming started off full of creative, entrepreneurial and democratic potential but has since taken on a dystopian feel. Everybody can participate in the competition for clicks, views and tips in China’s attention economy, but the platform dictates the rules of the game. “I was fascinated by how a single platform could profit from rich and poor alike,” Mr Hao tells The Economist. Before pursuing film-making, Mr Hao worked at Alibaba and Yahoo, two internet companies, and he says he is sensitive to the ways in which users can be manipulated for profit.
另外,这部纪录片的核心,则是一个常见的故事。直播最开始充满了创造的、进取的、民主的潜质,但随后却染上了一层反乌托邦的色彩。在中国的注意力经济下,每个人都能参与竞争,追求点击量、浏览量和小礼物,但直播平台支配着游戏规则。“光凭一个平台就能既赚富人的钱又赚穷人的钱,这一点令我着迷。”皓先生告诉《经济学人》。投身电影行业之前,皓先生在阿里巴巴和雅虎两家互联网公司工作过,并且表示他对操纵用户进而牟利的手段是很敏感的。
His thought-provoking film reveals a bitter irony not limited to livestreaming: that the connection that technology was meant to provide has isolated people, too. Big Li’s family begins to fall apart. “I miss my son,” he confesses in one scene, breaking down in tears in front of millions of his fans. He turns away, as if finally realising that the faceless, flickering icons on his computer screen will not give him what he longs for.
他这部发人深省的纪录片揭示了一种苦涩的讽刺,而且不局限于直播业:技术本应为人们提供的联结,却同时孤立了人们。老李的家庭开始分崩离析。“我想念我的儿子。”他在一幕直播画面中坦白说,当着数百万粉丝的面感情失控,流下了眼泪。他转过脸去,仿佛终于意识到电脑屏幕上那些没有面容、闪闪发光的图标,无法给予他,他真正渴望的东西。
————— 文章来源 / 经济学人
重点词汇
survey/ˈsɜːrveɪ, sərˈveɪ/
v. 审视
niche/nɪtʃ/
n. 利基(市场)
machination/ˌmæʃɪˈneɪʃn/
n. 阴谋策划
e.g.
machinations against other board members
fulfil/fʊlˈfɪl/
v. 完成;实现
e.g.
fulfil one's ambition
fulfil oneself
fame and fortune
名和利
e.g.
risk and reward
friends and foes
migrate/ˈmaɪɡreɪt/
v. 移居
dictate/ˈdɪkteɪt/
v. 支配;规定
manipulate/məˈnɪpjuleɪt/
v. 操纵
e.g.
manipulate the public
isolate/ˈaɪsəleɪt/
v. 使孤立,使隔离
e.g.
a country which is isolated from the rest of the world
fall apart
解体;崩溃
e.g.
marriages fall apart
fall apart to pieces
confess/kənˈfes/
v. 认罪;勉强承认
break down
(感情)失控;(健康)垮掉
flicker/ˈflɪkər/
v. 闪烁
long/lɔːŋ/
v. 渴望
e.g.
long for knowledge
long to see some old friends
拓展内容
中国网络直播行业
2017 年我国网络直播市场营收达到 304.5 亿元,相比 2016 年的 218.5 亿元,同比增长 39%。在经历过 2016 年的融资大战后,直播行业进行了一轮大洗牌并进入深度调整期,部分平台或遭到淘汰或尝试转型。中娱智库数据显示,截止 2017 年末,全国共有 200 多家公司开展或从事网络直播业务,较 2016 年减少近百家。
此后,面对激烈的市场竞争,众多直播平台为了免遭淘汰,展开差异化布局。网络游戏直播平台如斗鱼直播、虎牙直播、熊猫直播、龙珠直播、全民直播等,借助电竞赛事巩固内容优势;泛娱乐直播平台如映客、花椒直播、一直播、秀色娱乐、腾讯 NOW 直播等,在生活、户外等内容的布局逐步加深;秀场直播平台如六间房、YY 等,着重在网红选秀和才艺表演方面投入资源,联合制作娱乐节目。
2018 年观看在线直播的用户仍在平稳增长,据 iiMedia Research(艾媒咨询)数据显示,2017 年在线直播用户规模达到 3.98 亿人,增长率为28.4%,预计 2018 年在线直播用户规模达 4.60 亿人,2019 年达 5.07 亿人。但是,有半数以上用户表示无打赏意愿,有明确打赏意愿的用户只占 12% 左右,其中超过半数打赏金额不超过 100 元。有观点认为,中国在线直播平台的用户红利逐渐消失,头部平台已经形成稳定的用户规模和运营模式,同时明星主播资源基本被头部平台垄断,新入局者很难对头部平台造成强冲击。而头部平台间的竞争未来或将往差异化模式发展、商业变现等方面转变。
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