ServerBootstrap启动成功后，ServerChannel开始监听accpet事件，具体处理监听事件的代码在NioEventLoop中。
protected void run() {
for (;;) {
try {
try {
switch (selectStrategy.calculateStrategy(selectNowSupplier, hasTasks())) {
case SelectStrategy.CONTINUE:
continue;
case SelectStrategy.BUSY_WAIT:
// fall-through to SELECT since the busy-wait is not supported with NIO
case SelectStrategy.SELECT:
// 调用Selector#select方法
select(wakenUp.getAndSet(false));
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' is always evaluated
// before calling 'selector.wakeup()' to reduce the wake-up
// overhead. (Selector.wakeup() is an expensive operation.)
//
// However, there is a race condition in this approach.
// The race condition is triggered when 'wakenUp' is set to
// true too early.
//
// 'wakenUp' is set to true too early if:
// 1) Selector is waken up between 'wakenUp.set(false)' and
// 'selector.select(...)'. (BAD)
// 2) Selector is waken up between 'selector.select(...)' and
// 'if (wakenUp.get()) { ... }'. (OK)
//
// In the first case, 'wakenUp' is set to true and the
// following 'selector.select(...)' will wake up immediately.
// Until 'wakenUp' is set to false again in the next round,
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' will fail, and therefore
// any attempt to wake up the Selector will fail, too, causing
// the following 'selector.select(...)' call to block
// unnecessarily.
//
// To fix this problem, we wake up the selector again if wakenUp
// is true immediately after selector.select(...).
// It is inefficient in that it wakes up the selector for both
// the first case (BAD - wake-up required) and the second case
// (OK - no wake-up required).
if (wakenUp.get()) {
selector.wakeup();
}
// fall through
default:
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// If we receive an IOException here its because the Selector is messed up. Let's rebuild
// the selector and retry. https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/8566
rebuildSelector0();
handleLoopException(e);
continue;
}
// 处理selectionKeys并且执行阻塞队列中的任务
cancelledKeys = 0;
needsToSelectAgain = false;
final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
if (ioRatio == 100) {
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
runAllTasks();
}
} else {
final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
final long ioTime = System.nanoTime() - ioStartTime;
runAllTasks(ioTime * (100 - ioRatio) / ioRatio);
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleLoopException(t);
}
// Always handle shutdown even if the loop processing threw an exception.
try {
if (isShuttingDown()) {
closeAll();
if (confirmShutdown()) {
return;
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleLoopException(t);
}
}
}
NioEventLoop的run方法是一个死循环，根据当前情况选择进行Selector#select()操作或者执行任务队列中的任务，Netty提供了一个默认的选取策略：
@Override
public int calculateStrategy(IntSupplier selectSupplier, boolean hasTasks) throws Exception {
return hasTasks ? selectSupplier.get() : SelectStrategy.SELECT;
}
private final IntSupplier selectNowSupplier = new IntSupplier() {
@Override
public int get() throws Exception {
return selectNow();
}
};
当任务队列中存在任务则根据Selector#selectNow()的返回值判定，否则进行select操作。
select(boolean)方法将任务队列以及Selector#select()操作结合在一起，防止select()操作阻塞过久影响任务队列中的任务执行。同时，此方法还解决了jdk select()方法的bug，这个bug会在linux机器上出现空轮询，导致cpu占用100%。具体查看此处。
private void select(boolean oldWakenUp) throws IOException {
Selector selector = this.selector;
try {
int selectCnt = 0;
long currentTimeNanos = System.nanoTime();
long selectDeadLineNanos = currentTimeNanos + delayNanos(currentTimeNanos);
long normalizedDeadlineNanos = selectDeadLineNanos - initialNanoTime();
if (nextWakeupTime != normalizedDeadlineNanos) {
nextWakeupTime = normalizedDeadlineNanos;
}
for (;;) {
long timeoutMillis = (selectDeadLineNanos - currentTimeNanos + 500000L) / 1000000L;
// 当下一个定时任务马上就要执行时，则跳出循环
if (timeoutMillis <= 0) {
if (selectCnt == 0) {
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
}
break;
}
// If a task was submitted when wakenUp value was true, the task didn't get a chance to call
// Selector#wakeup. So we need to check task queue again before executing select operation.
// If we don't, the task might be pended until select operation was timed out.
// It might be pended until idle timeout if IdleStateHandler existed in pipeline.
if (hasTasks() && wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
// 执行select操作
int selectedKeys = selector.select(timeoutMillis);
selectCnt ++;
if (selectedKeys != 0 || oldWakenUp || wakenUp.get() || hasTasks() || hasScheduledTasks()) {
// - Selected something,
// - waken up by user, or
// - the task queue has a pending task.
// - a scheduled task is ready for processing
break;
}
if (Thread.interrupted()) {
// Thread was interrupted so reset selected keys and break so we not run into a busy loop.
// As this is most likely a bug in the handler of the user or it's client library we will
// also log it.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2426
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Selector.select() returned prematurely because " +
"Thread.currentThread().interrupt() was called. Use " +
"NioEventLoop.shutdownGracefully() to shutdown the NioEventLoop.");
}
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
long time = System.nanoTime();
// 如果下一个定时任务的执行时间还未到，则继续循环进行下一次select
if (time - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(timeoutMillis) >= currentTimeNanos) {
// timeoutMillis elapsed without anything selected.
selectCnt = 1;
} else if (SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD > 0 &&
selectCnt >= SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD) {
// 解决jdk seletor空轮询bug
// The code exists in an extra method to ensure the method is not too big to inline as this
// branch is not very likely to get hit very frequently.
selector = selectRebuildSelector(selectCnt);
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
currentTimeNanos = time;
}
if (selectCnt > MIN_PREMATURE_SELECTOR_RETURNS) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Selector.select() returned prematurely {} times in a row for Selector {}.",
selectCnt - 1, selector);
}
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug(CancelledKeyException.class.getSimpleName() + " raised by a Selector {} - JDK bug?",
selector, e);
}
// Harmless exception - log anyway
}
}
private Selector selectRebuildSelector(int selectCnt) throws IOException {
// The selector returned prematurely many times in a row.
// Rebuild the selector to work around the problem.
logger.warn(
"Selector.select() returned prematurely {} times in a row; rebuilding Selector {}.",
selectCnt, selector);
rebuildSelector();
Selector selector = this.selector;
// Select again to populate selectedKeys.
selector.selectNow();
return selector;
}
public void rebuildSelector() {
if (!inEventLoop()) {
execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
rebuildSelector0();
}
});
return;
}
rebuildSelector0();
}
private void rebuildSelector0() {
final Selector oldSelector = selector;
final SelectorTuple newSelectorTuple;
if (oldSelector == null) {
return;
}
try {
// 开启一个新的selector
newSelectorTuple = openSelector();
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to create a new Selector.", e);
return;
}
// Register all channels to the new Selector.
int nChannels = 0;
// 对于所有旧的channel，将它们注册到新的selector上，并将旧的selectionKey取消
for (SelectionKey key: oldSelector.keys()) {
Object a = key.attachment();
try {
if (!key.isValid() || key.channel().keyFor(newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector) != null) {
continue;
}
int interestOps = key.interestOps();
key.cancel();
SelectionKey newKey = key.channel().register(newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector, interestOps, a);
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
// Update SelectionKey
((AbstractNioChannel) a).selectionKey = newKey;
}
nChannels ++;
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to re-register a Channel to the new Selector.", e);
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
AbstractNioChannel ch = (AbstractNioChannel) a;
ch.unsafe().close(ch.unsafe().voidPromise());
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, key, e);
}
}
}
selector = newSelectorTuple.selector;
unwrappedSelector = newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector;
try {
// time to close the old selector as everything else is registered to the new one
oldSelector.close();
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Failed to close the old Selector.", t);
}
}
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Migrated " + nChannels + " channel(s) to the new Selector.");
}
}
当select()操作执行完后，需要对获取到的SelectionKey进行处理。Netty对JDK提供的Selector进行了一定优化，并提供processSelectedKeysOptimized()方法进行更快的处理，此处只讨论SelectionKey的正常处理方法。
private void processSelectedKeys() {
if (selectedKeys != null) {
processSelectedKeysOptimized();
} else {
processSelectedKeysPlain(selector.selectedKeys());
}
}
private void processSelectedKeysPlain(Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys) {
// check if the set is empty and if so just return to not create garbage by
// creating a new Iterator every time even if there is nothing to process.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/597
if (selectedKeys.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
Iterator<SelectionKey> i = selectedKeys.iterator();
for (;;) {
final SelectionKey k = i.next();
// ServerChannel注册到selector上时将自己作为attachment
final Object a = k.attachment();
i.remove();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
// 真正的处理方法
processSelectedKey(k, (AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
processSelectedKey(k, task);
}
if (!i.hasNext()) {
break;
}
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
selectAgain();
selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
// Create the iterator again to avoid ConcurrentModificationException
if (selectedKeys.isEmpty()) {
break;
} else {
i = selectedKeys.iterator();
}
}
}
}
private void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
final AbstractNioChannel.NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
// 如果key不合法，那么将此channel关闭
if (!k.isValid()) {
final EventLoop eventLoop;
try {
eventLoop = ch.eventLoop();
} catch (Throwable ignored) {
// If the channel implementation throws an exception because there is no event loop, we ignore this
// because we are only trying to determine if ch is registered to this event loop and thus has authority
// to close ch.
return;
}
// Only close ch if ch is still registered to this EventLoop. ch could have deregistered from the event loop
// and thus the SelectionKey could be cancelled as part of the deregistration process, but the channel is
// still healthy and should not be closed.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/5125
if (eventLoop != this || eventLoop == null) {
return;
}
// close the channel if the key is not valid anymore
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
return;
}
try {
int readyOps = k.readyOps();
// We first need to call finishConnect() before try to trigger a read(...) or write(...) as otherwise
// the NIO JDK channel implementation may throw a NotYetConnectedException.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
// Process OP_WRITE first as we may be able to write some queued buffers and so free memory.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
// Call forceFlush which will also take care of clear the OP_WRITE once there is nothing left to write
ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
}
// Also check for readOps of 0 to workaround possible JDK bug which may otherwise lead
// to a spin loop
if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
unsafe.read();
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
}
}
accept
此方法中涵盖了CONNECT, WRITE, READ, ACCEPT四种事件，在此处我们只关心ServerChannel的accept事件。
# AbstractNioMessageChannel.java --------------------
@Override
public void read() {
assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
final ChannelConfig config = config();
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = unsafe().recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.reset(config);
boolean closed = false;
Throwable exception = null;
try {
try {
do {
// 处理收到的信息，对于ServerChannel则是一个Channel
int localRead = doReadMessages(readBuf);
if (localRead == 0) {
break;
}
if (localRead < 0) {
closed = true;
break;
}
allocHandle.incMessagesRead(localRead);
} while (allocHandle.continueReading());
} catch (Throwable t) {
exception = t;
}
int size = readBuf.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
readPending = false;
// 通知pipeline上的CHC执行channelRead()方法
pipeline.fireChannelRead(readBuf.get(i));
}
readBuf.clear();
allocHandle.readComplete();
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
if (exception != null) {
closed = closeOnReadError(exception);
pipeline.fireExceptionCaught(exception);
}
if (closed) {
inputShutdown = true;
if (isOpen()) {
close(voidPromise());
}
}
} finally {
// Check if there is a readPending which was not processed yet.
// This could be for two reasons:
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelRead(...) method
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelReadComplete(...) method
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2254
if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
removeReadOp();
}
}
}
@Override
protected int doReadMessages(List<Object> buf) throws Exception {
SocketChannel ch = SocketUtils.accept(javaChannel());
try {
if (ch != null) {
buf.add(new NioSocketChannel(this, ch));
return 1;
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Failed to create a new channel from an accepted socket.", t);
try {
ch.close();
} catch (Throwable t2) {
logger.warn("Failed to close a socket.", t2);
}
}
return 0;
}
public static SocketChannel accept(final ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel) throws IOException {
try {
return AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public SocketChannel run() throws IOException {
return serverSocketChannel.accept();
}
});
} catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
throw (IOException) e.getCause();
}
}
我们先不关心allocHandle的存在，它对accept事件用处不大。在doReadMessages方法中，调用了ServerSocketChannel#accept()方法，与远程主机建立了连接，并返回一个SocketChannel，然后将其封装为Netty自己的NioSocketChannel，其interestOps为READ。获取到所有的SocketChannel后，通知pipeline上的CHC调用channelRead方法，此方法属于ChannelInboundHandler。之前执行bind()方法时我们发现pipeline上共有三个ChannelHandler，并且它们都是ChannelInboundHandler的子类，其中构造ServerChannel后再没有出现的ServerBootstrapAcceptor在此处成为了关键角色。
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
final Channel child = (Channel) msg;
child.pipeline().addLast(childHandler);
setChannelOptions(child, childOptions, logger);
setAttributes(child, childAttrs);
try {
childGroup.register(child).addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
if (!future.isSuccess()) {
forceClose(child, future.cause());
}
}
});
} catch (Throwable t) {
forceClose(child, t);
}
}
ServerBootstrapAcceptor对接收到的SocketChannel进行处理，增加childHandler，设置属性，最后将其注册到childGroup中。此处展现了NIO的经典线程模型，bossGroup只用来接受连接请求，真正的读写通信都在childGroup中执行。
ServerBootstrap存在一个方法childHandler(ChannelHandler childHandler)，可以用来设置childHandler。
read
此时，客户端已经和服务端建立了完整的联系，当客户端向服务端发送消息时，将触发相应SocketChannel的READ事件。回到之前的processSelectedKey方法，此时我们关注READ事件，不过处理逻辑不再处于NioServerSocketChannel的父类AbstractNioMessageChannel，而是NioSocketChannel的父类AbstractNioByteChannel。
@Override
public final void read() {
final ChannelConfig config = config();
if (shouldBreakReadReady(config)) {
clearReadPending();
return;
}
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
// 默认为pool direct，android平台为unpool direct
final ByteBufAllocator allocator = config.getAllocator();
// 默认为AdaptiveRecvByteBufAllocator#newHandle()
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.reset(config);
ByteBuf byteBuf = null;
boolean close = false;
try {
do {
// 分配一个临时缓冲区，用以接受数据
byteBuf = allocHandle.allocate(allocator);
// 读取Channel中的数据
allocHandle.lastBytesRead(doReadBytes(byteBuf));
// 如果没有读到数据，结束读取
if (allocHandle.lastBytesRead() <= 0) {
// nothing was read. release the buffer.
byteBuf.release();
byteBuf = null;
close = allocHandle.lastBytesRead() < 0;
if (close) {
// There is nothing left to read as we received an EOF.
readPending = false;
}
break;
}
allocHandle.incMessagesRead(1);
readPending = false;
// 通知pipeline上的CHC调用channelRead方法
pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf);
byteBuf = null;
} while (allocHandle.continueReading());
allocHandle.readComplete();
// 通过pipeline上的CHC调用channelReadComplete方法
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
if (close) {
closeOnRead(pipeline);
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleReadException(pipeline, byteBuf, t, close, allocHandle);
} finally {
// Check if there is a readPending which was not processed yet.
// This could be for two reasons:
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelRead(...) method
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelReadComplete(...) method
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2254
if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
removeReadOp();
}
}
}
@Override
public Handle newHandle() {
// 64， 1024， 65536
return new HandleImpl(minIndex, maxIndex, initial);
}
HandleImpl(int minIndex, int maxIndex, int initial) {
this.minIndex = minIndex;
this.maxIndex = maxIndex;
index = getSizeTableIndex(initial);
nextReceiveBufferSize = SIZE_TABLE[index];
}
@Override
public int guess() {
return nextReceiveBufferSize;
}
@Override
public ByteBuf allocate(ByteBufAllocator alloc) {
return alloc.ioBuffer(guess());
}
@Override
protected int doReadBytes(ByteBuf byteBuf) throws Exception {
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = unsafe().recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.attemptedBytesRead(byteBuf.writableBytes());
return byteBuf.writeBytes(javaChannel(), allocHandle.attemptedBytesRead());
}
默认情况下猜测第一次到来的消息大小为65536字节，分配完缓冲区后，从SocketChannel中尝试读取缓冲区最大可写字节的数据，然后调用pipeline上各个ChannelHandler的channelRead方法，此时就会触发用户提供的ChannelHandler进行相应的处理。当Channel中的所有数据都读取完后，调用pipeline上各个ChannelHandler的channelReadComplete方法；同时也会调用allocHandle.readComplete()方法，记录此次读取的字节数，用于决定下一次读取数据时分配缓冲区的猜测大小，allocHandle的核心功能便在于此。
write
写操作一般调用ChannelHandlerContext#write(Object)执行，当然也可以调用writeAndFlush(Object)方法。
@Override
public ChannelFuture write(Object msg) {
return write(msg, newPromise());
}
@Override
public ChannelFuture write(final Object msg, final ChannelPromise promise) {
write(msg, false, promise);
return promise;
}
private void write(Object msg, boolean flush, ChannelPromise promise) {
ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(msg, "msg");
try {
if (isNotValidPromise(promise, true)) {
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
// cancelled
return;
}
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
throw e;
}
// 查找合适的ChannelHandler
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next = findContextOutbound(flush ?
(MASK_WRITE | MASK_FLUSH) : MASK_WRITE);
// 记录ResourceTracker debug信息
final Object m = pipeline.touch(msg, next);
EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
if (flush) {
next.invokeWriteAndFlush(m, promise);
} else {
next.invokeWrite(m, promise);
}
} else {
final AbstractWriteTask task;
if (flush) {
task = WriteAndFlushTask.newInstance(next, m, promise);
} else {
task = WriteTask.newInstance(next, m, promise);
}
if (!safeExecute(executor, task, promise, m)) {
// We failed to submit the AbstractWriteTask. We need to cancel it so we decrement the pending bytes
// and put it back in the Recycler for re-use later.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/8343.
task.cancel();
}
}
}
private void invokeWrite(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
if (invokeHandler()) {
invokeWrite0(msg, promise);
} else {
write(msg, promise);
}
}
private void invokeWrite0(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
try {
((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).write(this, msg, promise);
} catch (Throwable t) {
notifyOutboundHandlerException(t, promise);
}
}
写操作最终通过pipeline头部的HeadContext执行，但是当使用nio时这个ChannelHandler只接受ByteBuf和FileRegion这两种类型的数据，所以如果写入的对象不是这两种类型，那么需要一个解码器将此对象转换为ByteBuf。
@Override
public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
unsafe.write(msg, promise);
}
@Override
public final void write(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
assertEventLoop();
ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null) {
// If the outboundBuffer is null we know the channel was closed and so
// need to fail the future right away. If it is not null the handling of the rest
// will be done in flush0()
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2362
safeSetFailure(promise, newClosedChannelException(initialCloseCause));
// release message now to prevent resource-leak
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
return;
}
int size;
try {
// NioSocketChannel只支持ByteBuf和FileRegion
msg = filterOutboundMessage(msg);
// 推算此次传输的字节数
size = pipeline.estimatorHandle().size(msg);
if (size < 0) {
size = 0;
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
safeSetFailure(promise, t);
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
return;
}
// 加入到缓冲区等待发送
outboundBuffer.addMessage(msg, size, promise);
}
# AbstractNioByteChannel.java --------------------------
@Override
protected final Object filterOutboundMessage(Object msg) {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
if (buf.isDirect()) {
return msg;
}
return newDirectBuffer(buf);
}
if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
return msg;
}
throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
"unsupported message type: " + StringUtil.simpleClassName(msg) + EXPECTED_TYPES);
}
@Override
public int size(Object msg) {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
return ((ByteBuf) msg).readableBytes();
}
if (msg instanceof ByteBufHolder) {
return ((ByteBufHolder) msg).content().readableBytes();
}
if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
return 0;
}
return unknownSize;
}
outboundBuffer是unsafe初始化时构造的：
private volatile ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = new ChannelOutboundBuffer(AbstractChannel.this);
它是Netty内建的缓冲区，用于储存AbstractChannel的写请求，存储结构为链表形式：
Entry(flushedEntry) --> ... Entry(unflushedEntry) --> ... Entry(tailEntry)
-
flushedEntry为已经被刷新的数据条目，处于链表头部； -
unflushedEntry为第一个未被刷新的数据条目； -
tailEntry是一个标志条目，用于表示缓冲区末尾。
public void addMessage(Object msg, int size, ChannelPromise promise) {
// 构造一个新的条目保存信息
Entry entry = Entry.newInstance(msg, size, total(msg), promise);
// 加入到链表中
if (tailEntry == null) {
flushedEntry = null;
} else {
Entry tail = tailEntry;
tail.next = entry;
}
tailEntry = entry;
if (unflushedEntry == null) {
unflushedEntry = entry;
}
// increment pending bytes after adding message to the unflushed arrays.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/1619
// 记录条目占用的字节数，用于流量控制
incrementPendingOutboundBytes(entry.pendingSize, false);
}
private static long total(Object msg) {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
return ((ByteBuf) msg).readableBytes();
}
if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
return ((FileRegion) msg).count();
}
if (msg instanceof ByteBufHolder) {
return ((ByteBufHolder) msg).content().readableBytes();
}
return -1;
}
将消息增加到缓冲区一共分为三步：
- 构造一个
Entry用于保存消息，注意Entry是可以复用的； - 将
Entry加入到链表中； - 记录新增的字节数，进行流量控制
static Entry newInstance(Object msg, int size, long total, ChannelPromise promise) {
Entry entry = RECYCLER.get();
entry.msg = msg;
// 设置消息大小
entry.pendingSize = size + CHANNEL_OUTBOUND_BUFFER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD;
entry.total = total;
entry.promise = promise;
return entry;
}
public final T get() {
// 默认为4K
if (maxCapacityPerThread == 0) {
return newObject((Handle<T>) NOOP_HANDLE);
}
// 使用栈复用对象
Stack<T> stack = threadLocal.get();
DefaultHandle<T> handle = stack.pop();
if (handle == null) {
handle = stack.newHandle();
handle.value = newObject(handle);
}
return (T) handle.value;
}
private static final Recycler<Entry> RECYCLER = new Recycler<Entry>() {
@Override
protected Entry newObject(Handle<Entry> handle) {
return new Entry(handle);
}
};
private Entry(Handle<Entry> handle) {
this.handle = handle;
}
此处Recycler是一个经典的对象池，同时每个线程都维护其对应的对象池，减少了并发争用。
private void incrementPendingOutboundBytes(long size, boolean invokeLater) {
if (size == 0) {
return;
}
// 原子更新缓冲区大小
long newWriteBufferSize = TOTAL_PENDING_SIZE_UPDATER.addAndGet(this, size);
// 当缓冲区大小超过阈值，禁止写入
if (newWriteBufferSize > channel.config().getWriteBufferHighWaterMark()) {
setUnwritable(invokeLater);
}
}
private void setUnwritable(boolean invokeLater) {
for (;;) {
// 设置unwritable标识位为1
final int oldValue = unwritable;
final int newValue = oldValue | 1;
if (UNWRITABLE_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, oldValue, newValue)) {
if (oldValue == 0 && newValue != 0) {
fireChannelWritabilityChanged(invokeLater);
}
break;
}
}
}
private void fireChannelWritabilityChanged(boolean invokeLater) {
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
if (invokeLater) {
Runnable task = fireChannelWritabilityChangedTask;
if (task == null) {
fireChannelWritabilityChangedTask = task = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
pipeline.fireChannelWritabilityChanged();
}
};
}
channel.eventLoop().execute(task);
} else {
pipeline.fireChannelWritabilityChanged();
}
}
当缓冲区超过64KB（默认值）时，将会设置unwritable为1，并通知pipeline上的ChannelInboundHandler调用其channelWritabilityChanged方法。用户自定义的ChannelHandler可以实现此方法进行限流。
调用write方法只会将消息置于缓冲区，还需要调用flush方法将缓冲区的数据刷新到Channel中。
@Override
public ChannelHandlerContext flush() {
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next = findContextOutbound(MASK_FLUSH);
EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
next.invokeFlush();
} else {
Tasks tasks = next.invokeTasks;
if (tasks == null) {
next.invokeTasks = tasks = new Tasks(next);
}
safeExecute(executor, tasks.invokeFlushTask, channel().voidPromise(), null);
}
return this;
}
private void invokeFlush() {
if (invokeHandler()) {
invokeFlush0();
} else {
flush();
}
}
private void invokeFlush0() {
try {
((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).flush(this);
} catch (Throwable t) {
notifyHandlerException(t);
}
}
@Override
public void flush(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
unsafe.flush();
}
@Override
public final void flush() {
assertEventLoop();
ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null) {
return;
}
outboundBuffer.addFlush();
flush0();
}
刷新操作共两步，先将flushedEntry指向等待刷新的条目，再执行刷新操作。
public void addFlush() {
// There is no need to process all entries if there was already a flush before and no new messages
// where added in the meantime.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2577
Entry entry = unflushedEntry;
if (entry != null) {
if (flushedEntry == null) {
// there is no flushedEntry yet, so start with the entry
flushedEntry = entry;
}
do {
flushed ++;
// 如果写请求被取消，那么不发送此条消息
if (!entry.promise.setUncancellable()) {
// Was cancelled so make sure we free up memory and notify about the freed bytes
int pending = entry.cancel();
decrementPendingOutboundBytes(pending, false, true);
}
entry = entry.next;
} while (entry != null);
// All flushed so reset unflushedEntry
unflushedEntry = null;
}
}
flush0()方法较为复杂，首先对刷新操作进行控制，如果已经有刷新操作在进行，那么此次刷新取消。由于Netty的线程模型为一个线程对应多个Channel，所以某一个Channel内的多个刷新操作只会由一个线程执行，inFlush0不需要进行并发控制。如果Channel处于未激活状态（比如尚未连接），那么需要拒绝此次刷新操作。最后，执行真正的刷新操作。
protected void flush0() {
if (inFlush0) {
// Avoid re-entrance
return;
}
final ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null || outboundBuffer.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
inFlush0 = true;
// Mark all pending write requests as failure if the channel is inactive.
if (!isActive()) {
try {
if (isOpen()) {
outboundBuffer.failFlushed(new NotYetConnectedException(), true);
} else {
// Do not trigger channelWritabilityChanged because the channel is closed already.
outboundBuffer.failFlushed(newClosedChannelException(initialCloseCause), false);
}
} finally {
inFlush0 = false;
}
return;
}
try {
doWrite(outboundBuffer);
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (t instanceof IOException && config().isAutoClose()) {
/**
* Just call {@link #close(ChannelPromise, Throwable, boolean)} here which will take care of
* failing all flushed messages and also ensure the actual close of the underlying transport
* will happen before the promises are notified.
*
* This is needed as otherwise {@link #isActive()} , {@link #isOpen()} and {@link #isWritable()}
* may still return {@code true} even if the channel should be closed as result of the exception.
*/
initialCloseCause = t;
close(voidPromise(), t, newClosedChannelException(t), false);
} else {
try {
shutdownOutput(voidPromise(), t);
} catch (Throwable t2) {
initialCloseCause = t;
close(voidPromise(), t2, newClosedChannelException(t), false);
}
}
} finally {
inFlush0 = false;
}
}
NIO针对写操作提供了gather方法，可以一次性写入多个ByteBuffer，此处就利用了这一特性。首先尝试从ChannelOutboundBuffer缓冲区中获取ByteBuffer数组，默认最多获取1024个，最大字节数为Integer.MAX_VALUE，第二个属性可以通过ChannelOption#SO_SNDBUF进行设置。然后根据获取到的数组的长度，执行不同的写策略。
protected void doWrite(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception {
SocketChannel ch = javaChannel();
// 16
int writeSpinCount = config().getWriteSpinCount();
do {
if (in.isEmpty()) {
// All written so clear OP_WRITE
clearOpWrite();
// Directly return here so incompleteWrite(...) is not called.
return;
}
// Ensure the pending writes are made of ByteBufs only.
// 默认值为Integer.MAX_VALUE，可以通过ChannelOption#SO_SNDBUF指定
int maxBytesPerGatheringWrite = ((NioSocketChannelConfig) config).getMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite();
// 导出最多1024个ByteBuffer，最大总字节数不超过maxBytesPerGatheringWrite，以便使用gather写数据
ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers = in.nioBuffers(1024, maxBytesPerGatheringWrite);
int nioBufferCnt = in.nioBufferCount();
// Always us nioBuffers() to workaround data-corruption.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2761
switch (nioBufferCnt) {
case 0:
// We have something else beside ByteBuffers to write so fallback to normal writes.
// 写入FileRegion类型的消息
writeSpinCount -= doWrite0(in);
break;
case 1: {
// Only one ByteBuf so use non-gathering write
// Zero length buffers are not added to nioBuffers by ChannelOutboundBuffer, so there is no need
// to check if the total size of all the buffers is non-zero.
ByteBuffer buffer = nioBuffers[0];
int attemptedBytes = buffer.remaining();
final int localWrittenBytes = ch.write(buffer);
// 如果Channel没有写入缓冲区的数据，那么设置interestOp为WRITE，之后继续尝试
if (localWrittenBytes <= 0) {
incompleteWrite(true);
return;
}
// 调整maxBytesPerGatheringWrite
adjustMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite(attemptedBytes, localWrittenBytes, maxBytesPerGatheringWrite);
in.removeBytes(localWrittenBytes);
--writeSpinCount;
break;
}
default: {
// Zero length buffers are not added to nioBuffers by ChannelOutboundBuffer, so there is no need
// to check if the total size of all the buffers is non-zero.
// We limit the max amount to int above so cast is safe
long attemptedBytes = in.nioBufferSize();
final long localWrittenBytes = ch.write(nioBuffers, 0, nioBufferCnt);
if (localWrittenBytes <= 0) {
incompleteWrite(true);
return;
}
// Casting to int is safe because we limit the total amount of data in the nioBuffers to int above.
adjustMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite((int) attemptedBytes, (int) localWrittenBytes,
maxBytesPerGatheringWrite);
in.removeBytes(localWrittenBytes);
--writeSpinCount;
break;
}
}
} while (writeSpinCount > 0);
// writeSpinCount < 0 一般为case 0时，FileRegion的数据写入Channel失败，需要设置WRITE再次写入
incompleteWrite(writeSpinCount < 0);
}
从ChannelOutboundBuffer获取ByteBuffer[]时要求对应的Entry必须是ByteBuf类型，并且要求是连续的。如果多个类型为ByteBuf的Entry之中有一个类型为FileRegion的Entry，那么此方法只会返回前半部分的Entry构造出的ByteBuffer[]。因此，缓冲列表并不会一次就全部写完，而需要多次写入，默认最大次数为16，可以通过ChannelOption#WRITE_SPIN_COUNT设置。
注意：对于buf.nioBufferCount()方法，常规的ByteBuf都只会返回1，而CompositeByteBuf则会根据其组合的ByteBuf返回对应的数量。
public ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers(int maxCount, long maxBytes) {
assert maxCount > 0;
assert maxBytes > 0;
long nioBufferSize = 0;
int nioBufferCount = 0;
final InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();
ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers = NIO_BUFFERS.get(threadLocalMap);
Entry entry = flushedEntry;
while (isFlushedEntry(entry) && entry.msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
if (!entry.cancelled) {
ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) entry.msg;
final int readerIndex = buf.readerIndex();
final int readableBytes = buf.writerIndex() - readerIndex;
if (readableBytes > 0) {
if (maxBytes - readableBytes < nioBufferSize && nioBufferCount != 0) {
// If the nioBufferSize + readableBytes will overflow maxBytes, and there is at least one entry
// we stop populate the ByteBuffer array. This is done for 2 reasons:
// 1. bsd/osx don't allow to write more bytes then Integer.MAX_VALUE with one writev(...) call
// and so will return 'EINVAL', which will raise an IOException. On Linux it may work depending
// on the architecture and kernel but to be safe we also enforce the limit here.
// 2. There is no sense in putting more data in the array than is likely to be accepted by the
// OS.
//
// See also:
// - https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=write&sektion=2
// - http://linux.die.net/man/2/writev
break;
}
nioBufferSize += readableBytes;
int count = entry.count;
if (count == -1) {
//noinspection ConstantValueVariableUse
entry.count = count = buf.nioBufferCount();
}
int neededSpace = min(maxCount, nioBufferCount + count);
if (neededSpace > nioBuffers.length) {
nioBuffers = expandNioBufferArray(nioBuffers, neededSpace, nioBufferCount);
NIO_BUFFERS.set(threadLocalMap, nioBuffers);
}
if (count == 1) {
ByteBuffer nioBuf = entry.buf;
if (nioBuf == null) {
// cache ByteBuffer as it may need to create a new ByteBuffer instance if its a
// derived buffer
entry.buf = nioBuf = buf.internalNioBuffer(readerIndex, readableBytes);
}
nioBuffers[nioBufferCount++] = nioBuf;
} else {
// The code exists in an extra method to ensure the method is not too big to inline as this
// branch is not very likely to get hit very frequently.
nioBufferCount = nioBuffers(entry, buf, nioBuffers, nioBufferCount, maxCount);
}
if (nioBufferCount == maxCount) {
break;
}
}
}
entry = entry.next;
}
this.nioBufferCount = nioBufferCount;
this.nioBufferSize = nioBufferSize;
return nioBuffers;
}
调用完nioBuffers(int maxCount, long maxBytes)方法后，可以调用nioBufferCount方法获取数组的大小，调用nioBufferSize方法获取ByteBuffer数组的总字节大小。
当nioBufferCount方法返回0时，一般表示下一个待刷新的Entry为FileRegion类型或者当前没有待刷新的Entry或者由于writeSpinCount和maxBytesPerGatheringWrite的限制导致无法返回一个可用的ByteBuffer[]，所以需要针对其进行特殊处理。
protected final int doWrite0(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception {
Object msg = in.current();
if (msg == null) {
// Directly return here so incompleteWrite(...) is not called.
return 0;
}
return doWriteInternal(in, in.current());
}
private int doWriteInternal(ChannelOutboundBuffer in, Object msg) throws Exception {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
if (!buf.isReadable()) {
in.remove();
return 0;
}
final int localFlushedAmount = doWriteBytes(buf);
if (localFlushedAmount > 0) {
in.progress(localFlushedAmount);
if (!buf.isReadable()) {
in.remove();
}
return 1;
}
} else if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
FileRegion region = (FileRegion) msg;
if (region.transferred() >= region.count()) {
in.remove();
return 0;
}
long localFlushedAmount = doWriteFileRegion(region);
if (localFlushedAmount > 0) {
in.progress(localFlushedAmount);
if (region.transferred() >= region.count()) {
in.remove();
}
return 1;
}
} else {
// Should not reach here.
throw new Error();
}
// Integer.MAX_VALUE
return WRITE_STATUS_SNDBUF_FULL;
}
当nioBufferCount方法返回1时，直接获取数组第一个元素，并将其写入到Channel中。否则，就使用gather模式写入ByteBuffer[]。如果写入的字节数<= 0，那么需要设置interestOp为WRITE，以便之后完成此次写入。
protected final void incompleteWrite(boolean setOpWrite) {
// Did not write completely.
if (setOpWrite) {
setOpWrite();
} else {
// It is possible that we have set the write OP, woken up by NIO because the socket is writable, and then
// use our write quantum. In this case we no longer want to set the write OP because the socket is still
// writable (as far as we know). We will find out next time we attempt to write if the socket is writable
// and set the write OP if necessary.
clearOpWrite();
// Schedule flush again later so other tasks can be picked up in the meantime
eventLoop().execute(flushTask);
}
}
protected final void setOpWrite() {
final SelectionKey key = selectionKey();
// Check first if the key is still valid as it may be canceled as part of the deregistration
// from the EventLoop
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2104
if (!key.isValid()) {
return;
}
final int interestOps = key.interestOps();
if ((interestOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) == 0) {
key.interestOps(interestOps | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
}
}
除此以外，还需要调整maxBytesPerGatheringWrite的值。起初是跟踪SO_SNDBUF属性以获取其值，但是某些操作系统可能会动态修改SO_SNDBUF，因此需要对maxBytesPerGatheringWrite进行适当的调整来适配操作系统的特性。
private void adjustMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite(int attempted, int written, int oldMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite) {
// By default we track the SO_SNDBUF when ever it is explicitly set. However some OSes may dynamically change
// SO_SNDBUF (and other characteristics that determine how much data can be written at once) so we should try
// make a best effort to adjust as OS behavior changes.
if (attempted == written) {
if (attempted << 1 > oldMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite) {
((NioSocketChannelConfig) config).setMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite(attempted << 1);
}
} else if (attempted > MAX_BYTES_PER_GATHERING_WRITE_ATTEMPTED_LOW_THRESHOLD && written < attempted >>> 1) {
((NioSocketChannelConfig) config).setMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite(attempted >>> 1);
}
}
调整完maxBytesPerGatheringWrite的值后，需要将已写入到Channel的Entry移除。
public void removeBytes(long writtenBytes) {
for (;;) {
// 获取flushedEntry中的第一个条目消息
Object msg = current();
if (!(msg instanceof ByteBuf)) {
assert writtenBytes == 0;
break;
}
final ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
final int readerIndex = buf.readerIndex();
final int readableBytes = buf.writerIndex() - readerIndex;
if (readableBytes <= writtenBytes) {
if (writtenBytes != 0) {
progress(readableBytes);
writtenBytes -= readableBytes;
}
// 将此Entry从链表中移除并回收
remove();
} else { // readableBytes > writtenBytes
if (writtenBytes != 0) {
buf.readerIndex(readerIndex + (int) writtenBytes);
progress(writtenBytes);
}
break;
}
}
// 清除上次nioBuffers(int maxCount, long maxBytes)调用保存的临时值
clearNioBuffers();
}
// Clear all ByteBuffer from the array so these can be GC'ed.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/3837
private void clearNioBuffers() {
int count = nioBufferCount;
if (count > 0) {
nioBufferCount = 0;
Arrays.fill(NIO_BUFFERS.get(), 0, count, null);
}
}
至此，刷新操作已经完成。现在让我们看下NioEventLoop对于WRITE的处理，以彻底完善flush()操作的逻辑。
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
// Call forceFlush which will also take care of clear the OP_WRITE once there is nothing left to write
ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
}
@Override
public final void forceFlush() {
// directly call super.flush0() to force a flush now
super.flush0();
}
protected void flush0() {
if (inFlush0) {
// Avoid re-entrance
return;
}
final ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null || outboundBuffer.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
// other operations
......
}
此方法很简单，只是再次调用flush0()方法继续尝试上次未写入成功的Entry。
conntect
最后，则是NIO四种事件之一的CONNECT。当Bootstrap开始连接服务器时，连接操作是异步操作，并不一定会立刻成功，因此如果没有立刻连接，需要注册CONNECT事件等待连接成功。当eventloop检测到此事件时，需要等待其连接成功，方可执行读写操作。
在进行读写操作前，需要保证连接已经建立，否则将会抛出IOException，因此此事件需要第一个检测，以保证连接建立成功。
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
// 等待SocketChannel连接完成
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
public final void finishConnect() {
// Note this method is invoked by the event loop only if the connection attempt was
// neither cancelled nor timed out.
assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
try {
boolean wasActive = isActive();
doFinishConnect();
fulfillConnectPromise(connectPromise, wasActive);
} catch (Throwable t) {
fulfillConnectPromise(connectPromise, annotateConnectException(t, requestedRemoteAddress));
} finally {
// Check for null as the connectTimeoutFuture is only created if a connectTimeoutMillis > 0 is used
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/1770
if (connectTimeoutFuture != null) {
connectTimeoutFuture.cancel(false);
}
connectPromise = null;
}
}
protected void doFinishConnect() throws Exception {
if (!javaChannel().finishConnect()) {
throw new Error();
}
}
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