函数和闭包
Usefuncto declare a function. Call a function by following its name with a list of arguments in parentheses.
Use->to separate the parameter names and types from the function’s return type.
使用func来声明一个函数，使用名字和参数来调用函数。使用->来指定函数返回值的类型。
func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
greet("Bob", day: "Tuesday")
EXPERIMENT
Remove thedayparameter. Add a parameter to include today’s lunch special in the greeting.
练习: 删除day参数，添加一个参数来表示今天吃了什么午饭。使用元组来让一个函数返回多个值。该元组的元素可以用名称或数字来表示。
func calculateStatistics(scores: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int, sum: Int) {
var min = scores[0]
var max = scores[0]
var sum = 0
for score in scores {
if score > max {
max = score
} else if score < min {
min = score
}
sum += score
}
return (min, max, sum)
}
let statistics = calculateStatistics([5, 3, 100, 3, 9])
print(statistics.sum)
print(statistics.2)
Functions can also take a variable number of arguments, collecting them into an array.
函数可以带有可变个数的参数，这些参数在函数内表现为数组的形式:
func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
var sum = 0
for number in numbers {
sum += number
}
return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)
EXPERIMENT
Write a function that calculates the average of its arguments.
练习: 写一个计算参数平均值的函数。
Functions can be nested. Nested functions have access to variables that were declared in the outer function.
You can use nested functions to organize the code in a function that is long or complex.
函数可以嵌套。被嵌套的函数可以访问外侧函数的变量，你可以使用嵌套函数来重构一个太长或者太复杂的函
数。
func returnFifteen() -> Int {
var y = 10
func add() {
y += 5
}
add()
return y
}
returnFifteen()
Functions are a first-class type. This means that a function can return another function as its value.
函数是第一等类型，这意味着函数可以作为另一个函数的返回值。
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
A function can take another function as one of its arguments.
函数也可以当做参数传入另一个函数。
func hasAnyMatches(list: [Int], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
for item in list {
if condition(item) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(numbers, condition: lessThanTen)
Functions are actually a special case of closures: blocks of code that can be called later. The code in a closure
has access to things like variables and functions that were available in the scope where the closure was
created, even if the closure is in a different scope when it is executed—you saw an example of this already
with nested functions. You can write a closure without a name by surrounding code with braces ({}). Useinto
separate the arguments and return type from the body.
函数实际上是一种特殊的闭包:它是一段能之后被调取的代码。闭包中的代码能访问闭包所建作用域中能得到的变
量和函数，即使闭包是在一个不同的作用域被执行的 - 你已经在嵌套函数例子中所看到。你可以使用{}来创建
一个匿名闭包。使用in将参数和返回值类型声明与闭包函数体进行分离。
numbers.map({
(number: Int) -> Int in
let result = 3 * number
return result
})
EXPERIMENT
Rewrite the closure to return zero for all odd numbers.
练习: 重写闭包，对所有奇数返回0。
You have several options for writing closures more concisely. When a closure’s type is already known, such as
the callback for a delegate, you can omit the type of its parameters, its return type, or both. Single statement
closures implicitly return the value of their only statement.
有很多种创建更简洁的闭包的方法。如果一个闭包的类型已知，比如作为一个回调函数，你可以忽略参数的类型
和返回值。单个语句闭包会把它语句的值当做结果返回。
let mappedNumbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
print(mappedNumbers)
You can refer to parameters by number instead of by name—this approach is especially useful in very short
closures. A closure passed as the last argument to a function can appear immediately after the parentheses.
When a closure is the only argument to a function, you can omit the parentheses entirely.
你可以通过参数位置而不是参数名字来引用参数——这个方法在非常短的闭包中非常有用。当一个闭包作为最后
一个参数传给一个函数的时候，它可以直接跟在括号后面。当一个闭包是传给函数的唯一参数，你可以完全忽略
括号。
let sortedNumbers = numbers.sort { $0 > $1 }
print(sortedNumbers)
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