类
class Employee {
private Date hireDay;
. . .
public Date getHireDay() {
return hireDay; // Bad
} . . .
}
class Employee {
. . .
public Date getHireDay() {
return (Date) hireDay.clone(); // Ok
} . . .
}
main方法
main是一个静态方法.
程序总是从main方法开始执行.
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// construct objects here . . .
}
}
正则
RegexMatches.java 文件代码：
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class RegexMatches
{
public static void main( String args[] ){
// 按指定模式在字符串查找
String line = "This order was placed for QT3000! OK?";
String pattern = "(\\D*)(\\d+)(.*)";
// 创建 Pattern 对象
Pattern r = Pattern.compile(pattern);
// 现在创建 matcher 对象
Matcher m = r.matcher(line);
if (m.find( )) {
System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(0) );
System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(1) );
System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(2) );
System.out.println("Found value: " + m.group(3) );
} else {
System.out.println("NO MATCH");
}
}
}
/*
Found value: This order was placed for QT3000! OK?
Found value: This order was placed for QT
Found value: 3000
Found value: ! OK?
*/
另外java有个别扭的地方
其他的语言中（如Perl），一个反斜杠 \ 就足以具有转义的作用，而在 Java 中正则表达式中则需要有两个反斜杠才能被解析为其他语言中的转义作用。也可以简单的理解在 Java 的正则表达式中，两个 \\ 代表其他语言中的一个 \，这也就是为什么表示一位数字的正则表达式是 \\d，而表示一个普通的反斜杠是 \\\\。
高级数据类型
栈
import java.util.*;
public class StackDemo {
static void showpush(Stack<Integer> st, int a) {
st.push(new Integer(a));
System.out.println("push(" + a + ")");
System.out.println("stack: " + st);
}
static void showpop(Stack<Integer> st) {
System.out.print("pop -> ");
Integer a = (Integer) st.pop();
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println("stack: " + st);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Stack<Integer> st = new Stack<Integer>();
System.out.println("stack: " + st);
showpush(st, 42);
showpush(st, 66);
showpush(st, 99);
showpop(st);
showpop(st);
showpop(st);
try {
showpop(st);
} catch (EmptyStackException e) {
System.out.println("empty stack");
}
}
}
Stack method
Vector
Vector 类支持 4 种构造方法
第一种构造方法创建一个默认的向量，默认大小为 10
Vector()
第二种构造方法创建指定大小的向量。
Vector(int size)
第三种构造方法创建指定大小的向量，并且增量用 incr 指定。增量表示向量每次增加的元素数目。
Vector(int size,int incr)
第四种构造方法创建一个包含集合 c 元素的向量：
Vector(Collection c)
使用实例:
import java.util.*;
public class VectorDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// initial size is 3, increment is 2
Vector v = new Vector(3, 2);
System.out.println("Initial size: " + v.size());
System.out.println("Initial capacity: " +
v.capacity());
v.addElement(new Integer(1));
v.addElement(new Integer(2));
v.addElement(new Integer(3));
v.addElement(new Integer(4));
System.out.println("Capacity after four additions: " +
v.capacity());
v.addElement(new Double(5.45));
System.out.println("Current capacity: " +
v.capacity());
v.addElement(new Double(6.08));
v.addElement(new Integer(7));
System.out.println("Current capacity: " +
v.capacity());
v.addElement(new Float(9.4));
v.addElement(new Integer(10));
System.out.println("Current capacity: " +
v.capacity());
v.addElement(new Integer(11));
v.addElement(new Integer(12));
System.out.println("First element: " +
(Integer)v.firstElement());
System.out.println("Last element: " +
(Integer)v.lastElement());
if(v.contains(new Integer(3)))
System.out.println("Vector contains 3.");
// enumerate the elements in the vector.
Enumeration vEnum = v.elements();
System.out.println("\nElements in vector:");
while(vEnum.hasMoreElements())
System.out.print(vEnum.nextElement() + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
/*
Initial size: 0
Initial capacity: 3
Capacity after four additions: 5
Current capacity: 5
Current capacity: 7
Current capacity: 9
First element: 1
Last element: 12
Vector contains 3.
Elements in vector:
1 2 3 4 5.45 6.08 7 9.4 10 11 12
*/
字典
这个已经弃用了, 开始用map
Map接口中键和值一一映射. 可以通过键来获取值。
给定一个键和一个值，你可以将该值存储在一个Map对象. 之后，你可以通过键来访问对应的值。
- 当访问的值不存在的时候，方法就会抛出一个NoSuchElementException异常.
- 当对象的类型和Map里元素类型不兼容的时候，就会抛出一个 ClassCastException异常。
- 当在不允许使用Null对象的Map中使用Null对象，会抛出一个NullPointerException 异常。
当尝试修改一个只读的Map时，会抛出一个UnsupportedOperationException异常。
import java.util.*;
public class CollectionsDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map m1 = new HashMap();
m1.put("Zara", "8");
m1.put("Mahnaz", "31");
m1.put("Ayan", "12");
m1.put("Daisy", "14");
System.out.println();
System.out.println(" Map Elements");
System.out.print("\t" + m1);
}
}
/*
Map Elements
{Mahnaz=31, Ayan=12, Daisy=14, Zara=8}
*/
线程
class RunnableDemo implements Runnable {
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
RunnableDemo( String name) {
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// 让线程睡眠一会
Thread.sleep(50);
}
}catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start () {
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null) {
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
}
public class TestThread {
public static void main(String args[]) {
RunnableDemo R1 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-1");
R1.start();
RunnableDemo R2 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-2");
R2.start();
}
}
/*
Creating Thread-1
Starting Thread-1
Creating Thread-2
Starting Thread-2
Running Thread-1
Thread: Thread-1, 4
Running Thread-2
Thread: Thread-2, 4
Thread: Thread-1, 3
Thread: Thread-2, 3
Thread: Thread-1, 2
Thread: Thread-2, 2
Thread: Thread-1, 1
Thread: Thread-2, 1
Thread Thread-1 exiting.
Thread Thread-2 exiting.
*/
方法二
创建一个线程的第二种方法是创建一个新的类，该类继承 Thread 类，然后创建一个该类的实例。
继承类必须重写 run() 方法，该方法是新线程的入口点。它也必须调用 start() 方法才能执行。
该方法尽管被列为一种多线程实现方式，但是本质上也是实现了 Runnable 接口的一个实例。
class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
ThreadDemo( String name) {
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// 让线程睡眠一会
Thread.sleep(50);
}
}catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start () {
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null) {
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
}
public class TestThread {
public static void main(String args[]) {
ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-1");
T1.start();
ThreadDemo T2 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-2");
T2.start();
}
}
/*
Creating Thread-1
Starting Thread-1
Creating Thread-2
Starting Thread-2
Running Thread-1
Thread: Thread-1, 4
Running Thread-2
Thread: Thread-2, 4
Thread: Thread-1, 3
Thread: Thread-2, 3
Thread: Thread-1, 2
Thread: Thread-2, 2
Thread: Thread-1, 1
Thread: Thread-2, 1
Thread Thread-1 exiting.
Thread Thread-2 exiting.
``
*/
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