作者简介
Ann Chen
-特许公认会计师公会会员(ACCA)
-中国注册会计师协会会员(CICPA)
-楷博财经全职老师。楷博ACCAer的国民小姐姐,和同学们亦师亦友的“小芽老师”。一个明明有颜值有马甲线但偏要靠才华的楷博老师,授课风格逻辑清晰、条理清晰,从而能帮助同学们清晰梳理知识框架、快速抓住知识重点,让同学们轻松即可get各种专业知识并通过全球统考。
自2016年9月考季,F7(Financial Reporting)又进行了题型和大纲的调整,新考试现在包括三大部分:
SectionA- 15道选择题,每题2分;
SectionB- 3道案例选择题,每个案例5道题,共15道选择题,每题2分;
SectionC- 2道大题,每题20分,这两道大题,一题考报表编制(或者合并报表或者单一报表),另一题考报表解读。
考试题型的变化增加了选择题的形式,客观题占比达60%,大家要看要记的东西变得更多,相当于变相地增加了考试范围,但同时由于选择题A/B/C/D仅一个答案(这是针对参加笔试的同学,若是参加机考,则客观题形式更多样),所以也可以使用排除法,变化有好有坏。
总的来说,F7的考点并未发生太大的变化,大家可以参考以往考季的总结文章来进行复习归纳。不过自2016年9月考季开始,F7主要有三个新的考点是以往没有或较少考核到的,本文就这三个较新的考点进行归纳探讨,提醒大家注意复习。
1.Foreign currency transactions(外币交易)
外币交易主要考核的是F7大纲新包括的准则IAS21(The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates)。关于foreign currency,首先要区分清楚functional currency和presentation currency。
判断Functional currency常用的标准:销售价格使用的货币或投入材料、发生费用时使用的货币。
通常情况下,这两个货币是同一货币,但也有可能因为并购海外子公司等原因,出现两种货币类型不一致,涉及整张财务报表换算问题,但这不属于F7考试大纲,F7关于foreign currency,主要考察individual transactions(更容易出现在选择题)。
如果企业进行海外交易,使用了非功能性货币以外的货币,此时就需要将外币交易以恰当汇率(rate)进行换算,以该企业本身常用货币来反应,由此引发了外币转换的相关问题。外币转换交易中使用的汇率类型和具体的换算方法归纳如下文两表所示。
01
Initial transaction(初始交易)
所有交易都以交易发生当日的汇率进行换算;
02
Settled transaction(已完成交易)
指交易相关款项已收到或已支付,此时按照交易发生当日汇率换算,与此前交易确认时的汇率差异产生的exchange gain or loss,确认进当期利润表,对当期利润产生影响;
03
Unsettled transaction(未完成交易)
与(2)相反,交易未完成,此时将财务报表项目分作两类,monetary items一般包括trade receivables, trade payables, cash, overdrafts, and loan notes,在报告日以报告日汇率换算,产生的exchange gain or loss放到利润表;non-monetary items一般包括inventory and PPE undercost model,仍然以初始确认的historical rate换算,不产生exchange gain orloss。
我们来通过一个例子具体看一下如何进行核算计量。
Rekon Co acquires goods from two different suppliers in Krone (Kr). Rekon Co acquired goods for Kr 150,000 from supplier Aand goods for Kr 200,000 from supplier B. Both purchases were made on 1 October20X1.
On 1 December 20X1, Rekon Co settles thetransaction with supplier A. The transaction with supplier B remains unpaid at31 December 20X1.
Relevant exchange rates can be found below.
1 October 20X1: $1= Kr 10
1 November 20X1:$1 = Kr 12
31 December 20X1: $1 = Kr 9
(1) Initial transaction:
20X1年10月1日,发生采购交易,用当天的汇率$1 = Kr 10,则有:
DR Purchases (Kr350,000/10) $35,000
CR Payables-supplier A $15,000
CR Payables-supplier B $20,000
(2) Settled transaction:
12月1日,偿还了对A供应商的欠款,则与A的交易是已完成交易,使用当天汇率$1 = Kr12,则有:
DR Payables-supplier A $15,000
CR Cash (Kr150,000/12) $12,500
CR Foreign currency exchange gain(SoPL) $2,500
(3) Unsettled transaction:
12月31日,仍未解决和供应商B的欠款,则属于未完成交易,payables属于monetary items,使用报告日当天汇率$1 = Kr 9折算应付款,则payables to supplier B = Kr200,000/9 = $22,222, 应付款增加;而inventory属于non-monetaryitems,仍然使用历史汇率。
DR Foreign currency exchange loss (SoPL) $2,222
CR Payables-supplier B $2,222
假设年末,从B供应商购得的货物没有销售出去,则有:
Statement offinancial positionas at 31 Dec 20X1(extracts for transactions with supplier B)
Current assets
Inventory
$20,000
Current liabilities
Payables
$22,222
Statement ofprofit or loss for the year ended 31 Dec 20X1(extracts for transactions with supplier B)
Gross profit
X
Less: Operating expenses
Foreign exchange loss
($2,222)
2.Group disposals
在以往的F7考试大纲中,合并报表的知识点里面没有考核处置子公司的情况,但从2016年9月考季之后,此部分考点纳入考试大纲,但是对此考点的考核要求并不特别高:不会在有group disposal的背景下要求大家编制整套合并报表,但是可能出现在选择题或者作为一部分信息考核interpretation of FS。
如果parent company(母公司)当年处置了subsidiary(子公司),则对合并财务报表会造成以下影响:
01
Consolidated statement of financial position
在处置子公司当年年末的财务状况表中,不能再合并子公司的资产和负债,因为在这个时间点,母公司不再控制子公司,所以不能再并入子公司的资产及负债。
02
Consolidated statement of profit or loss
如果母公司在会计年度的中间处置了子公司,则合并利润表中应包括截至到处置前的子公司的经营状况(revenue, expenses考虑时间划分);除此之外,在合并利润表中应包含处置子公司形成的利得或损失。
Gain or loss on disposal of the subsidiary on theconsolidatedstatement of profit or loss should be calculated as follows:
Formula
Comment
Saleproceeds
处置子公司收到的收入
Less: Carrying amount of goodwill at date of disposal
处置当日的商誉,即在计算的合并当日的商誉基础上考虑后续发生的减值
Less: Net assets at date of disposal
处置当日子公司的净资产,如果是在会计年度的中间处置子公司,则还需要考虑截至到处置当日子公司本年实现的利润(或损失)
Add back: Non-controlling interest at date of disposal
母公司不一定拥有子公司100%股权,处置的也不是100%股权,所以考虑少数股东权益在处置当日的价值
Gain/loss on disposal
在此基础上,合并利润表的编制则有:
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss
Operation profit
X
Add : Investment income
X
Investment from associate
X
Gain(loss) on disposal of subsidiary
X/(X)
与此同时,在母公司自己的单独报表中也需要反映处置子公司所形成的利得或损失,但在母公司单独报表中,记录子公司投资和处置子公司利得(损失)均与合并报表不一致。
Gain or loss on disposal of the subsidiary on the parent’s individual statement of profit or loss should be calculated as follows:
Formula
Comment
Saleproceeds
处置子公司收到的收入
Less: Carrying amount of investment at date of disposal
处置当日该投资的账面价值(cost model or fair value through profit or fair value through OCI —可参考financial instruments)
Gain/loss on disposal
3.Interpretation of consolidatedfinancial statements
从近年来的考试真题表明,报表解读变得越来越重要,也越来越频繁的出现在考题中。新考试题型明确提出Section C两道大题,必然有一道题目会考核报表解读,所以同学们需要引起重视。解读财务报表有可能会要求大家解读单一报表(比较传统的考核形式),现在也提出有可能会要求考生解读合并报表,在解读合并报表的题目中,有可能会出现以下考试点值得大家关注:
1
Accounting for group-related issues
可能会结合计算商誉或计算处置子公司利得损失,处置子公司利得损失如上文2-(2),商誉计算如下表:
Formula
Comment
Consideration paid to subsidiary
母公司付出的对价,注意对价支付形式(share exchange/ future consideration/ contingent consideration,etc)
Add: NCI at acquisition date
如果NCI采用的是fair value basis,则会产生goodwill,若是proportionate basis,则NCI不产生goodwill
Less: Net assets at date of acquisition
取得子公司当日净资产,注意用fair value衡量(考虑fair value adjustment)
Goodwill at date of acquisition
取得当日商誉
Impairment of goodwill since acquisition
取得日之后商誉每年需要进行减值测试
Goodwill at consolidation date
合并报表日商誉账面价值
2
Adjustments to financial statements
对合并财务报表进行的调整有多种类型,包括:fair value adjustments, intra-group balances, unrealised profits,impairments or other adjustments等。这些调整可能会影响合并财务报表的指标计算。
3
Interpretation of consolidated financial statements
在解读财务报表时需要尤其关注合并交易对财务报表产生的影响。
■If a subsidiary has been acquired in the year,the following impacts should be considered:
Items
Comment
(1)The current year’s financial statements will contain an entity which was not included in the previous period, so income, expenses, assets and liabilities are all likely to rise following the consolidation
分析财报时,常常使用纵向对比,如果比较同一个主体不同会计年度的财务状况或经营业绩,此时需要尤其注意本年度的财务报告信息包括新并入的子公司,对整个财务报表都会产生影响。
(2)If the subsidiary has been acquired during the year, it is unlikely to have contributed a full year’s results in the statement of profit or loss. This could affect ratios such as return on capital employed or working capital ratios at the year end, as the full assets and liabilities are included in the statement of financial position, but only the post-acquisition income and expenses are included in the statement of profit or loss
如果是在会计年度中的某一个时间点并入的子公司,则在计算指标时(比如代表报酬率的ROCE),需要考虑时间对指标的影响。
(3)The new subsidiary is likely to have different margins to the rest of the group which will impact on the interpretation
新并入的子公司利润构成和表现可能与集团有差异,解释差异对财务报表的影响。
(4)The new subsidiary is likely to have different customers, suppliers and inventory, so the working capital cycle is likely to be different
子公司面临不同的客户、供应商,经营不同的存货,营运资本管理和母公司可能不一致,解释对财务报表的影响。
(5)Acquisition-related costs may have been included in the current period which will not be repeated in future periods
合并当年可能产生了巨额支出,导致当年经营业绩会受到影响,但该影响不具有持续性(换言之,合并支出只在合并当年产生),分析预测时应排除该影响。
(6)A new subsidiary may result in shared assets and synergies occurring within the group, for example, departments and properties may be merged
子公司的加入可以给集团带来协同效应,考虑协同对企业运营及财务报表的影响。
■If a subsidiary hasbeen disposedof during the year, the following impacts should beconsidered:
Items
Comment
(1)Any prior year statement of profit or loss will involve a full year’s results from the subsidiary, while the current year will not
若是本年处置了子公司,则情况恰好与刚才的分析相反:纵向对比时注意此前的报表可能合并了子公司信息,但本年没有。
关于处置子公司对当年财务报表的影响,请参考前文第2点。
(2)Any prior year statement on financial position will contain the assets and liabilities relating to the subsidiary, whereas the current year will not
(3)The statement of profit or loss figures may contain the profit or loss on disposal of the subsidiary, and the subsidiary’s results up to the date of the disposal
(4)The statement of profit or loss may also contain some one-off costs relating to the disposal of the subsidiary, such as professional costs or redundancies
处置当年可能包含一些处置费用(one-off一次性,不具可持续性),分析预测企业运营情况时应注意区分。
(5)The group may lose benefits from the subsidiary, such as supplies to the group, or skills held by the senior management of the subsidiary
处置子公司可能会对企业的运营造成其他方面的影响,包括失去和子公司相关的商业关系,失去子公司管理人才等,分析时应考虑此对财务报表和企业运营的影响。
除了这些考官尤其提出的新考点或新侧重点之外,F7的其他考点没有太大变动,所以同学们还可以参考楷博老师在之前考季为大家提供的总结文章。——
《F7的Section A/B/C怎么“对症下药”?楷博名师Nicola为你支招!》
《绝对干货:一篇文章教你get做好报表的技巧!—F7重点知识复习》
(点击标题即可查看)
总的来说,F7是一门计算型较强的科目,多加练习,勤于总结,一定会通过考试,祝大家都顺利!
网友评论