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(Boolan) C++设计模式 第三周笔记(一)

(Boolan) C++设计模式 第三周笔记(一)

作者: 留胡子的熊 | 来源:发表于2017-10-23 16:23 被阅读0次

    Composite 模式
    一、描述
    概念:将对象组合成树形结构以表示“部分-整体”的层次结构。Composite使得用户对单个对象和组合的使用具有一致性。

    Composite 模式的典型结构图为:


    二、实例:
    大家在上学的时候应该都学过“数据结构”这门课程吧,还记得其中有一节叫“二叉树”吧,我们上学那会儿这一章节是必考内容,左子树,右子树,什么先序遍历后序遍历什么,重点就是二叉树的的遍历,我还记得当时老师就说,考试的时候一定有二叉树的构建和遍历,现在想起来还是觉的老师是正确的,树状结果在实际项目应用的非常广泛。
    咱就先说个最常见的例子,公司的人事管理就是一个典型的树状结构,你想想你公司的结构是不是这样:


    老大,往下一层一层的管理,最后到我们这层小兵,很典型的树状结构(说明一下,这不是二叉树,有关二叉树的定义可以翻翻以前的教科书),我们今天的任务就是要把这个树状结构实现出来,并且还要把它遍历一遍,你要确认你建立的树是否有问题呀。从这个树状结构上分析,有两种节点:有分支的节点(如研发部经理)和无分支的节点(如员工 A、员工 D 等),我们增加一点学术术语上去,总经理叫做根节点(是不是想到 XML 中的那个根节点 root,那就对了),类似研发部经理有分支的节点叫做树枝节点,类似员工 A 的无分支的节点叫做树叶节点,都很形象,三个类型的的节点,那是不是定义三个类就可以?好,我们按照这个思路走下去,先看我们自己设计的类图:


    这个类图是初学者最容易想到的类图(这个类图有缺陷了),你有没有发觉有问题?getInfo 每个接口都有为什么不能抽象出来?Root 类和 Branch 类有什么差别?为什么要定义成两个接口两个类?如果我要加一个任职期限,你是不是每个类都需要修改?如果我要后序遍历(从员工找到他的上级领导)能做吗?——彻底晕菜了!
    问题很多,我们一个一个解决,先说抽象的问题,确实可以吧 IBranch 和 IRoot 合并成一个接口,这个我们先肯定下来,这是个比较大的改动,我们先画个类图(类名稍微做下变化):

    注释:
    main(),客户
    CCorpNode,抽象基类,实现基本信息
    CBranchNode,树枝节点,实现Addordinate()函数和GetSubordinate()函数
    CLeafNode,叶子节点,IsLeaf属性总是“true”
    说明:组合模式主要是实现在CBranchNode对象里增加对其它对象的数组,如vector<CCorpNode*>,数组里可以存放CBranchNode和CLeafNode对象。这样方便进行遍历操作。
    注意:组合模式有透明组合模式和安全组合模式。透明组合模式是将Addordinate和GetSubordinate这两个函数也抽象到CCorpNode基类里,这增加了操作叶子节点的难度,更易出现逻辑问题。所以尽量使用安全模式。
    这个简单了,可以想像一下TreeView和TreeNode基本上是这个意思了,将很多数据组织在一块。

    代码:
    抽象基类,实现基本信息:CorpNode类
    CorpNode.h

    #ifndef __Composite__CorpNode__  
    #define __Composite__CorpNode__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    using std::string;  
      
    class CCorpNode {  
    public:  
        CCorpNode(void);  
        CCorpNode(string _name,string _pos,string _salary);  
        virtual ~CCorpNode(void);  
        virtual string GetInfo();  
        void SetParent(CCorpNode *_pParent);  
        CCorpNode *GetParent();  
        virtual bool IsLeaf() = 0;  
    private:  
        string m_name;  
        string m_position;  
        string m_salary;  
    protected:  
        bool m_isLeaf;  
        CCorpNode *m_pParent;  
    };  
      
    

    CorpNode.cpp

    #include "CorpNode.h"  
    CCorpNode::CCorpNode(void)  
    {  
        m_name = "";  
        m_position = "";  
        m_salary = "0";  
    }  
      
    CCorpNode::CCorpNode(string _name,string _pos,string _salary):m_name(_name), m_position(_pos), m_salary(_salary)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    CCorpNode::~CCorpNode(void)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    string CCorpNode::GetInfo()  
    {  
        string info = "";  
        info.append("姓名: ");  
        info.append(this->m_name);  
        info.append("\t职位:");  
        info.append(this->m_position);  
        info.append("\t薪水:");  
        info.append(this->m_salary);  
      
        return info;  
    }  
      
    void CCorpNode::SetParent(CCorpNode *_pParent)  
    {  
        this->m_pParent = _pParent;  
    }  
      
    CCorpNode * CCorpNode::GetParent()  
    {  
        return this->m_pParent;  
    }  
    

    树枝节点:BranchNode类
    BranchNode.h

    #ifndef __Composite__BranchNode__  
    #define __Composite__BranchNode__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    #include "CorpNode.h"  
    #include <vector>  
    using std::vector;  
    using std::string;  
      
    class CBranchNode:public CCorpNode  
    {  
    public:  
        CBranchNode(void);  
        CBranchNode(string name,string pos,string salary);  
        ~CBranchNode(void);  
        void Add(CCorpNode* pcorpNode);  
        vector<CCorpNode*> GetSubordinateInfo();  
        bool IsLeaf();  
    private:  
        vector<CCorpNode*> m_subordinateList;  
    };  
      
    

    BranchNode.cpp

    #include "BranchNode.h"  
      
    CBranchNode::CBranchNode(void)  
    {  
        m_isLeaf = false;  
    }  
      
    CBranchNode::CBranchNode(string name ,string pos,string salary):CCorpNode(name,pos,salary)  
    {  
        m_isLeaf = false;  
    }  
      
    CBranchNode::~CBranchNode(void)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    void CBranchNode::Add(CCorpNode *pcorpNode)  
    {  
        pcorpNode->SetParent(this);  
        m_subordinateList.push_back(pcorpNode);  
    }  
      
    vector<CCorpNode*> CBranchNode::GetSubordinateInfo()  
    {  
        return this->m_subordinateList;  
    }  
      
    bool CBranchNode::IsLeaf()  
    {  
        return m_isLeaf;  
    }  
    

    叶子节点:LeafNode类
    LeafNode.h

    #ifndef __Composite__LeafNode__  
    #define __Composite__LeafNode__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    #include "CorpNode.h"  
    class CLeafNode:public CCorpNode  
    {  
    public:  
        CLeafNode(void);  
        CLeafNode(string name,string pos,string salary);  
        ~CLeafNode(void);  
        bool IsLeaf();  
    };  
    

    LeafNode.cpp

    #include "LeafNode.h"  
      
    CLeafNode::CLeafNode(void)  
    {  
        m_isLeaf = true;  
    }  
      
    CLeafNode::CLeafNode(string name ,string pos,string salary):CCorpNode(name,pos,salary)  
    {  
        m_isLeaf = true;  
    }  
      
    CLeafNode::~CLeafNode(void)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    bool CLeafNode::IsLeaf()  
    {  
        return m_isLeaf;  
    }  
    

    客户:main主程序
    main.cpp

    #include <stdio.h>  
    #include "CorpNode.h"  
    #include "BranchNode.h"  
    #include "LeafNode.h"  
    #include "CConvert.h"  
    using std::cout;  
      
    string getTreeInfo(CBranchNode *root)  
    {  
        vector<CCorpNode*> subordinateList = root->GetSubordinateInfo();  
        string info = "";  
       
        for (vector<CCorpNode*>::iterator it = subordinateList.begin();it != subordinateList.end();it++)  
        {  
            if ((*it)->IsLeaf())  
            {  
                info = info.append("  "+(*it)->GetInfo()+"\n");  
            }  
      
           else  
            {  
               info = info.append((*it)->GetInfo()+"\n"+getTreeInfo((CBranchNode*)(*it)));  
            }  
        }  
        return info;  
    }  
      
      
    CBranchNode *compositeCorpTree()  
    {  
        //首先产生总经理CEO  
        CBranchNode *root = new CBranchNode("王大麻子","总经理","100000");  
        //把三个部门经理产生出来  
        CBranchNode *developDep = new CBranchNode("刘大瘸子","研发部门经理","10000");  
        CBranchNode *salesDep = new CBranchNode("马二拐子","销售部门经理","20000");  
        CBranchNode *financeDep = new CBranchNode("赵三驼子","财务部经理","10000");  
          
        //再把三个小组长产生出来  
        CBranchNode *firstDevGroup = new CBranchNode("杨三乜斜","开发一组组长","5000");  
        CBranchNode *secondDevGroup = new CBranchNode("吴大棒槌","开发二组组长","6000");  
          
        //把所有的小兵都产生出来  
        CLeafNode *a = new CLeafNode("a","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *b = new CLeafNode("b","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *c = new CLeafNode("c","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *d = new CLeafNode("d","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *e = new CLeafNode("e","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *f = new CLeafNode("f","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *g = new CLeafNode("g","开发人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *h = new CLeafNode("h","销售人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *i = new CLeafNode("i","销售人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *j = new CLeafNode("i","财务人员","2000");  
        CLeafNode *k = new CLeafNode("k","CEO秘书","2000");  
        CLeafNode *zhengLaoLiu = new CLeafNode("郑老六","研发部副经理","2000");  
          
        //开始组装  
        //CEO下有三个部门经理和一个秘书  
          
        root->Add(developDep);  
        root->Add(salesDep);  
        root->Add(financeDep);  
          
        root->Add(k);  
          
        //研发部经理  
        developDep->Add(zhengLaoLiu);  
        developDep->Add(firstDevGroup);  
        developDep->Add(secondDevGroup);  
          
        //看看开发两个开发小组下有什么  
        firstDevGroup->Add(a);  
        firstDevGroup->Add(b);  
        firstDevGroup->Add(c);  
        secondDevGroup->Add(d);  
        secondDevGroup->Add(e);  
        secondDevGroup->Add(f);  
          
        //再看销售部下的人员情况  
        salesDep->Add(h);  
        salesDep->Add(i);  
          
        //最后一个财务  
        firstDevGroup->Add(j);  
          
        return root;  
          
        delete zhengLaoLiu,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a,secondDevGroup,firstDevGroup,financeDep,salesDep,developDep,root;  
         
    }  
      
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[])  
    {  
          
          
          
        CBranchNode *CEO =  compositeCorpTree();  
        cout<<CEO->GetInfo()<<std::endl;   
        cout<< getTreeInfo(CEO);  
        // insert code here...  
        //printf("Hello, World!\n");  
        return 0;  
    }  
    

    结果如下:

    享元模式
    一、描述
    设计模式中的享元模式,避免大量拥有相同内容的小类的开销(如耗费内存),使大家共享一个类(元类).

    在面向对象系统的设计何实现中,创建对象是最为常见的操作。这里面就有一个问题:如果一个应用程序使用了太多的对象,就会造成很大的存储开销。特别是对于大量轻量级(细粒度)的对象,比如在文档编辑器的设计过程中,我们如果为没有字母创建一个对象的话,系统可能会因为大量的对象而造成存储开销的浪费。例如一个字母“a”在文档中出现了100000 次,而实际上我们可以让这一万个字母“a”共享一个对象,当然因为在不同的位置可能字母“a”有不同的显示效果(例如字体和大小等设置不同),在这种情况我们可以为将对象的状态分为“外部状态”和“内部状态”,将可以被共享(不会变化)的状态作为内部状态存储在对象中,而外部对象(例如上面提到的字体、大小等)我们可以在适当的时候将外部对象最为参数传递给对象(例如在显示的时候,将字体、大小等信息传递给对象)。

    其典型的结构图为:

    可以从图 2-1 中看出,Flyweight 模式中有一个类似 Factory 模式的对象构造工厂

    FlyweightFactory,当客户程序员(Client)需要一个对象时候就会向 FlyweightFactory 发出请求对象的消息 GetFlyweight()消息,FlyweightFactory 拥有一个管理、存储对象的“仓库”(或者叫对象池,vector 实现),GetFlyweight()消息会遍历对象池中的对象,如果已经存在则直接返回给 Client,否则创建一个新的对象返回给 Client。当然可能也有不想被共享的对象(例如结构图中的 UnshareConcreteFlyweight),但不在本模式的讲解范围,故在实现中不给出。

    二、实例

    如上所描述的信息,创建类图:

    注释:
    main:客户程序员(Client)
    FlyweightFactory:“仓库”(对象池),
    Flyweight:对象池中的对象
    ConcreteFlyweight:被共享的对象

    代码:
    仓库”(对象池):FlyweightFactory类
    FlyweightFactory.h

    #ifndef __Flyweight__FlyweightFactory__  
    #define __Flyweight__FlyweightFactory__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    #include "Flyweight.h"  
    #include <string>  
    #include <vector>  
    #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"  
    using std::cout;  
    using std::endl;  
    using std::string;  
    using std::vector;  
      
    class FlyweightFactory  
    {  
    public:  
        FlyweightFactory();  
        ~FlyweightFactory();  
        Flyweight* GetFlyweight(const string &key);  
    private:  
        vector<Flyweight*> _fly;  
          
    };  
      
    

    FlyweightFactory.cpp

    
    #include "FlyweightFactory.h"  
      
    FlyweightFactory::FlyweightFactory()  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    FlyweightFactory::~FlyweightFactory()  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    Flyweight* FlyweightFactory::GetFlyweight(const string &key)  
    {  
        vector<Flyweight*>::iterator it = _fly.begin();  
          
        for (; it != _fly.end(); it++)  
        {  
            if ((*it)->GetIntrinsicState() == key)  
            {  
                cout<<"already created by users...."<<endl;  
                return *it;  
            }  
      
        }  
        Flyweight *fn = new ConcreteFlyweight(key);  
          
        _fly.push_back(fn);  
        return fn;  
          
    }  
    

    对象池中的对象:Flyweight类
    Flyweight.h

    #ifndef __Flyweight__Flyweight__  
    #define __Flyweight__Flyweight__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    #include <string>  
    using std::string;  
      
    class Flyweight  
    {  
    public:  
        Flyweight(void);  
        virtual ~Flyweight(void);  
        virtual void Operation(const string& extrinsicState);  
        string GetIntrinsicState();  
    protected:  
        Flyweight(string intrinsicState);  
          
    private:  
        string _intrinsicState;  
          
    };  
      
    

    Flyweight.cpp

    #include "Flyweight.h"  
      
    Flyweight::Flyweight(void)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    Flyweight::Flyweight(string intrinsicState)  
    {  
        this->_intrinsicState = intrinsicState;  
    }  
      
    Flyweight::~Flyweight()  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    void Flyweight::Operation(const string &extrinsicState)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    string Flyweight::GetIntrinsicState()  
    {  
        return this->_intrinsicState;  
    }  
    

    被共享的对象:ConcreteFlyweight
    ConcreteFlyweight.h

    
    #ifndef __Flyweight__ConcreteFlyweight__  
    #define __Flyweight__ConcreteFlyweight__  
      
    #include <iostream>  
    #include "Flyweight.h"  
    class ConcreteFlyweight:public Flyweight  
    {  
    public:  
        ConcreteFlyweight(void);  
        ConcreteFlyweight(string intrinsicState);  
        ~ConcreteFlyweight();  
        void Operation(const string& extrinsicState);  
          
    };  
      
    

    ConcreteFlyweight.cpp

    
    #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"  
    using std::cout;  
    using std::endl;  
      
    ConcreteFlyweight::ConcreteFlyweight(void)  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    ConcreteFlyweight::ConcreteFlyweight(string intrinsicState)  
    {  
        cout<<"ConcreteFlyweight Build....."<<intrinsicState<<endl;  
    }  
      
    ConcreteFlyweight::~ConcreteFlyweight()  
    {  
          
    }  
      
    void ConcreteFlyweight::Operation(const string &extrinsicState)  
    {  
        cout<<"ConcreteFlyweight:内蕴["<<this->GetIntrinsicState()<<"] 外 蕴["<<extrinsicState<<"]"<<endl;  
    }  
    

    客户程序员(Client)
    main.cpp

    #include <iostream>  
    #include "Flyweight.h"  
    #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"  
    #include "FlyweightFactory.h"  
    using namespace std;  
      
      
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[])  
    {  
      
        FlyweightFactory *fc = new FlyweightFactory();  
        Flyweight* fw1 = fc->GetFlyweight("hello");  
        Flyweight* fw2 = fc->GetFlyweight("world!");  
        Flyweight* fw3 = fc->GetFlyweight("hello2");  
        // insert code here...  
        std::cout << "Hello, World!\n";  
        return 0;  
    }  
    

    结果如下:

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