在Android的应用框架中，ActivityManagerService是非常重要的一个组件，尽管名字叫做ActivityManagerService，但通过之前的博客介绍，我们知道，四大组件的创建都是有AMS来完成的，其实不仅是应用程序中的组件，连Android应用程序本身也是AMS负责启动的。AMS本身运行在一个独立的进程中，当系统决定要在一个新的进程中启动一个Activity或者Service时就会先启动这个进程。而AMS启动进程的过程是从startProcessLocked启动的。
1.ActivityManagerService.startProcessLocked
public final class ActivityManagerService extends ActivityManagerNative
implements Watchdog.Monitor, BatteryStatsImpl.BatteryCallback {
......
private final void startProcessLocked(ProcessRecord app,
String hostingType, String hostingNameStr) {
......
try {
int uid = app.info.uid;
int[] gids = null;
try {
gids = mContext.getPackageManager().getPackageGids(
app.info.packageName);
} catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
......
}
......
int debugFlags = 0;
......
int pid = Process.start("android.app.ActivityThread",
mSimpleProcessManagement ? app.processName : null, uid, uid,
gids, debugFlags, null);
......
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
......
}
}
......
}
可以看到，函数会调用Process.start函数来创建一个进程，其中第一个参数"android.app.ActivityThread"是需要加载的类，而在完成这个类的加载之后就会运行ActivityThread.main函数。
2.Process.start
public class Process {
......
public static final int start(final String processClass,
final String niceName,
int uid, int gid, int[] gids,
int debugFlags,
String[] zygoteArgs)
{
if (supportsProcesses()) {
try {
return startViaZygote(processClass, niceName, uid, gid, gids,
debugFlags, zygoteArgs);
} catch (ZygoteStartFailedEx ex) {
......
}
} else {
......
return 0;
}
}
......
}
这个函数最后会调用startViaZygote来创建进程，而Zygote正是Android孵化进程的服务，所有的进程都是通过Zygotefork出来的，所以这里创建进程的任务又落到了Zygote头上了。
3.Process.startViaZygote
public class Process {
......
private static int startViaZygote(final String processClass,
final String niceName,
final int uid, final int gid,
final int[] gids,
int debugFlags,
String[] extraArgs)
throws ZygoteStartFailedEx {
int pid;
synchronized(Process.class) {
ArrayList<String> argsForZygote = new ArrayList<String>();
// --runtime-init, --setuid=, --setgid=,
// and --setgroups= must go first
argsForZygote.add("--runtime-init");
argsForZygote.add("--setuid=" + uid);
argsForZygote.add("--setgid=" + gid);
if ((debugFlags & Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_SAFEMODE) != 0) {
argsForZygote.add("--enable-safemode");
}
if ((debugFlags & Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_DEBUGGER) != 0) {
argsForZygote.add("--enable-debugger");
}
if ((debugFlags & Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_CHECKJNI) != 0) {
argsForZygote.add("--enable-checkjni");
}
if ((debugFlags & Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_ASSERT) != 0) {
argsForZygote.add("--enable-assert");
}
//TODO optionally enable debuger
//argsForZygote.add("--enable-debugger");
// --setgroups is a comma-separated list
if (gids != null && gids.length > 0) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append("--setgroups=");
int sz = gids.length;
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
if (i != 0) {
sb.append(',');
}
sb.append(gids[i]);
}
argsForZygote.add(sb.toString());
}
if (niceName != null) {
argsForZygote.add("--nice-name=" + niceName);
}
argsForZygote.add(processClass);
if (extraArgs != null) {
for (String arg : extraArgs) {
argsForZygote.add(arg);
}
}
pid = zygoteSendArgsAndGetPid(argsForZygote);
}
}
......
}
函数里面最为重要的工作就是组装argsForZygote参数，这些参数将告诉Zygote具体的启动选项，例如"--runtime-init"就表示要为新启动的运行程序初始化运行库。然后调用zygoteSendAndGetPid函数进一步操作。
4.Process.zygoteSendAndGetPid
public class Process {
......
private static int zygoteSendArgsAndGetPid(ArrayList<String> args)
throws ZygoteStartFailedEx {
int pid;
openZygoteSocketIfNeeded();
try {
/**
* See com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.readArgumentList()
* Presently the wire format to the zygote process is:
* a) a count of arguments (argc, in essence)
* b) a number of newline-separated argument strings equal to count
*
* After the zygote process reads these it will write the pid of
* the child or -1 on failure.
*/
sZygoteWriter.write(Integer.toString(args.size()));
sZygoteWriter.newLine();
int sz = args.size();
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
String arg = args.get(i);
if (arg.indexOf('\n') >= 0) {
throw new ZygoteStartFailedEx(
"embedded newlines not allowed");
}
sZygoteWriter.write(arg);
sZygoteWriter.newLine();
}
sZygoteWriter.flush();
// Should there be a timeout on this?
pid = sZygoteInputStream.readInt();
if (pid < 0) {
throw new ZygoteStartFailedEx("fork() failed");
}
} catch (IOException ex) {
......
}
return pid;
}
......
}
这里的sZygoteWriter是一个Socket写入流，是由openZygoteSocketIfNeeded函数打开的。而这个Socket由frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/ZygoteInit.java文件中的ZygoteInit类在runSelectLoopMode函数侦听的。这个类会返回一个ZygoteConnection实例，并执行ZygoteConnection的runOnce函数。
5.ZygoteConnection.runOnce
class ZygoteConnection {
......
boolean runOnce() throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
String args[];
Arguments parsedArgs = null;
FileDescriptor[] descriptors;
try {
args = readArgumentList();
descriptors = mSocket.getAncillaryFileDescriptors();
} catch (IOException ex) {
......
return true;
}
......
/** the stderr of the most recent request, if avail */
PrintStream newStderr = null;
if (descriptors != null && descriptors.length >= 3) {
newStderr = new PrintStream(
new FileOutputStream(descriptors[2]));
}
int pid;
try {
parsedArgs = new Arguments(args);
applyUidSecurityPolicy(parsedArgs, peer);
applyDebuggerSecurityPolicy(parsedArgs);
applyRlimitSecurityPolicy(parsedArgs, peer);
applyCapabilitiesSecurityPolicy(parsedArgs, peer);
int[][] rlimits = null;
if (parsedArgs.rlimits != null) {
rlimits = parsedArgs.rlimits.toArray(intArray2d);
}
pid = Zygote.forkAndSpecialize(parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
parsedArgs.gids, parsedArgs.debugFlags, rlimits);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
......
} catch (ZygoteSecurityException ex) {
......
}
if (pid == 0) {
// in child
handleChildProc(parsedArgs, descriptors, newStderr);
// should never happen
return true;
} else { /* pid != 0 */
// in parent...pid of < 0 means failure
return handleParentProc(pid, descriptors, parsedArgs);
}
}
......
}
真正创建进程的代码在Zygote.forkAndSpecialize,通过Zygote来fork出一个新的进程作为应用进程。fork函数会有两个返回，其中一个在父进程，一个在子进程，其中自进程的进程号会为0，所以按照上面的代码，这里会执行handleChildProc。
6.ZygoteConnection.handleChildProc
class ZygoteConnection {
......
private void handleChildProc(Arguments parsedArgs,
FileDescriptor[] descriptors, PrintStream newStderr)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
......
if (parsedArgs.runtimeInit) {
RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.remainingArgs);
} else {
......
}
}
......
}
因为在创建的时候传入了“--runtime-init”，所以这里会运行RuntimeInit.zygoteInit。
public class RuntimeInit {
......
public static final void zygoteInit(String[] argv)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
// TODO: Doing this here works, but it seems kind of arbitrary. Find
// a better place. The goal is to set it up for applications, but not
// tools like am.
System.setOut(new AndroidPrintStream(Log.INFO, "System.out"));
System.setErr(new AndroidPrintStream(Log.WARN, "System.err"));
commonInit();
zygoteInitNative();
int curArg = 0;
for ( /* curArg */ ; curArg < argv.length; curArg++) {
String arg = argv[curArg];
if (arg.equals("--")) {
curArg++;
break;
} else if (!arg.startsWith("--")) {
break;
} else if (arg.startsWith("--nice-name=")) {
String niceName = arg.substring(arg.indexOf('=') + 1);
Process.setArgV0(niceName);
}
}
if (curArg == argv.length) {
Slog.e(TAG, "Missing classname argument to RuntimeInit!");
// let the process exit
return;
}
// Remaining arguments are passed to the start class's static main
String startClass = argv[curArg++];
String[] startArgs = new String[argv.length - curArg];
System.arraycopy(argv, curArg, startArgs, 0, startArgs.length);
invokeStaticMain(startClass, startArgs);
}
......
}
这里有两个关键的函数调用，一个是zygoteInitNative函数调用，一个是invokeStaticMain函数调用，前者就是执行Binder驱动程序初始化的相关工作了，正是由于执行了这个工作，才使得进程中的Binder对象能够顺利地进行Binder进程间通信，而后一个函数调用，就是执行进程的入口函数，这里就是执行startClass类的main函数了，而这个startClass即是我们在Step 1中传进来的"android.app.ActivityThread"值，表示要执行android.app.ActivityThread类的main函数。
7. Zygote.invokeStaticMain
public class ZygoteInit {
......
static void invokeStaticMain(ClassLoader loader,
String className, String[] argv)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
Class<?> cl;
try {
cl = loader.loadClass(className);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
......
}
Method m;
try {
m = cl.getMethod("main", new Class[] { String[].class });
} catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
......
} catch (SecurityException ex) {
......
}
int modifiers = m.getModifiers();
......
/*
* This throw gets caught in ZygoteInit.main(), which responds
* by invoking the exception's run() method. This arrangement
* clears up all the stack frames that were required in setting
* up the process.
*/
throw new ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller(m, argv);
}
......
}
从代码中可以看到，通过ClassLoader加载对应的android.app.ActivityThread类，然后再获取到对应的main函数句柄，最后调用该类的main函数。不过这里的调用方式比较有意思，不知直接调用，而是通过抛出一个异常。这样做的方式是为了清空堆栈，让系统认为新进程是从ActivityThread的main函数开始的。
8.ActivityThread.main
public final class ActivityThread {
......
public static final void main(String[] args) {
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = new Handler();
}
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
Looper.loop();
if (Process.supportsProcesses()) {
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
thread.detach();
String name = (thread.mInitialApplication != null)
? thread.mInitialApplication.getPackageName()
: "<unknown>";
Slog.i(TAG, "Main thread of " + name + " is now exiting");
}
......
}
从这里我们可以看出，这个函数首先会在进程中创建一个ActivityThread对象,然后进入消息循环中,这样，我们以后就可以在这个进程中启动Activity或者Service了。
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